Research Article

4 January 2003

Histories of the British Communist Party: A User's Guide

Authors: John McIlroy and Alan CampbellAuthors Info & Affiliations

Publication: Labour History Review

Volume 68, Number 1

https://doi.org/10.3828/lhr.68.1.33

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Abstract

The British Communist Party continues to attract the attention of historians who have produced divergent assessments of its politics, organization, personnel and activities. This article critically reviews the literature: the concentration is on detailed studies which have appeared since the 1980s. It scrutinizes the apologetic literature produced by party historians prior to, and in response to, the critical studies which appeared from the late 1950s. It explores this pioneering academic work, now too frequently discounted, before addressing recent research often informed by reaction against it. The paper concludes that this revisionist approach tends to diminish the crucial Russian dimension to Communist politics and neglects the decisive, primary, strategic control Moscow exercised and the distinctiveness of the party in British politics.

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References

E. Hobsbawm, Revolutionaries, London, Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1973, p. 11.Revolutionaries 11

15th Congress of the CPGB, National Museum of Labour History (NMLH), Manchester, CP/CENT/04/07; E. P. Thompson, The Poverty of Theory and Other Essays, London, Merlin, 1978, p. 331.

A. Thorpe, The British Communist Party and Moscow, 1920-1943, Manchester University Press, 2000, pp. 242, 168.The British Communist Party and Moscow, 1920-1943 242

M. Worley, ‘Reflections on recent British Communist Party history’, Historical Materialism, 4, 1999. For a bibliography until the 1980s, see A. J. MacKenzie, ‘Communism in Britain: a bibliography’, Bulletin of the Society for the Study of Labour History, 46, 1982. Perhaps the best guide to more recent publications is the annual bibliography published in Labour History Review (LHR).‘Reflections on recent British Communist Party history’. Historical Materialism 4

Worley, ‘Reflections’, pp. 244, 245, 257, 241-2; Hobsbawm, Revolutionaries, p. 10.

E. Hobsbawm, review of Thorpe, British Communist Party, Political Quarterly, 77, 4, 2001, p. 523.British Communist Party, Political Quarterly 77:523

See, for example, S. Cohen, ‘Bolshevism and Stalinism’, in R. Tucker (ed.), Stalinism. Essays in Historical Interpretation, New York, Norton, 1977; G. Boffa, The Stalin Phenomenon, Ithaca, Cornell University Press, 1982; P. Campeanu, The Origins of Stalinism. From Leninist Revolution to Stalinist Society, New York, Sharpe, 1986; G. Gill, The Origins of the Stalinist Political System, Cambridge University Press, 1990.Stalinism. Essays in Historical Interpretation

C. Ward, Stalin's Russia, Arnold, 1999, p. 264.

R. Page Arnot, ‘Ten years of the Communist Party of Great Britain’, Daily Worker, 5-12 August 1930. See also T. Bell, ‘Ten years of the CPGB’, Communist Review, August 1930.‘Ten years of the Communist Party of Great Britain’. Daily Worker

T. Bell, The British Communist Party. A Short History, London, Lawrence and Wishart, 1937; A. Hutt, ‘How not to write Communist history’, Labour Monthly, June 1937, pp. 383, 385; A. Elsbury, ‘Stalinist corruption exposed’, Fight, May 1938.The British Communist Party. A Short History

Hutt, ‘Communist history’, p. 382; A. Hutt, The Post-war History of the British Working Class, London, Gollancz, 1937.

Hutt, ‘Communist history’, p. 382; Hutt, Post-war History, p. 242.

R. Page Arnot, Twenty Years. The Policy of the Communist Party of Great Britain from its Foundation, London, Lawrence and Wishart, 1940, p. 2.Twenty Years. The Policy of the Communist Party of Great Britain from its Foundation 2

R. Page Arnot, ‘The first thirty years’, Labour Monthly, August 1950; E. Hobsbawm, ‘The British Communist Party’, Political Quarterly, 25, 1, 1954, pp. 30, 43.‘The British Communist Party’. Political Quarterly 25:30

R. Palme Dutt, ‘Honour to whom honour: some reflections on Communist Party history’, Labour Monthly, April 1959; H. Pelling, The British Communist Party. An Historical Profile, London, A & C Black, 1959.

Daily Worker (DW), 7 April 1966; Times Literary Supplement (TLS), 5 May, 9 June 1966; L. J. Macfarlane, The British Communist Party. Origins and Development until 1929, London, MacGibbon and Kee, 1966.

A. Rothstein, review of Macfarlane, Labour Monthly, July 1966, p. 351.

Anonymous reviewer of Macfarlane, TLS, 21 April 1966.

TLS, 2 June 1966.

TLS, 9, 16 June 1966.

Hobsbawm, Revolutionaries, p. 10; J. Klugmann, History of the Communist Party of Great Britain, vol. 1. Formation and Early Years, 1919-24, vol. 2. The General Strike, 1925-6, London, Lawrence and Wishart, 1969.

Klugmann, Formation, p. 70.

Cf N. Green and A. Elliott, ‘Spain against fascism, 1936-39’, Our History, 67, 1977, with J. Hopkins, Into the Heart of the Fire. The British in the Spanish Civil War, Stanford University Press, 1988, pp. 258-313. N. Branson, History of the Communist Party of Great Britain, 1927-41, London, Lawrence and Wishart, 1985, History of the Communist Party of Great Britain, 1941-1951, London, Lawrence and Wishart, 1997.‘Spain against fascism, 1936-39’. Our History 67

H. Pollitt, Serving My Time, London, Lawrence and Wishart, 1941; G. Hardy, These Stormy Years, London, Lawrence and Wishart, 1956; J. Mahon, Harry Pollitt. A Biography, London, Lawrence and Wishart, 1976.Serving My Time

For example, D. Hyde, I Believed, London, Heinemann, 1950; B. Darke, The Communist Technique in Britain, Harmondsworth, Penguin, 1952; M. McCarthy, Generation in Revolt, London, Heinemann, 1953.

G. D. H. Cole and R. Postgate, The Common People, London, Methuen, 1938; G. D. H. Cole, An Introduction to Trade Unionism, London, Allen and Unwin, 1953; A. Flanders, Trade Unions, 7th edn, London, Hutchinson, 1968; H. Pelling, The History of British Trade Unionism, Harmondsworth, Penguin, 1965; H. A. Clegg, A History of British Trade Unions since 1889, vol. 2. 1911-1913, Oxford, Clarendon Press, 1985.The Common People

M. Burleigh, The Third Reich. A New History, Basingstoke, Macmillan, 2000, pp. 15-16. Although it has sometimes induced discomfort, there is nothing unusual, still less reprehensible, in socialist activists and historians discovering common ground with their right-wing counterparts in their analysis of Stalinism. While, of course, parting company with them over their analysis of capitalism.The Third Reich. A New History 15-16

Pollitt to Arnot, 17 January 1936, Russian State Archives of Social and Political History, Moscow (RGASPI), 495/14/22.

TUC, The TUC and Communism, 1955, p. 11.

TUC and Communism, p. 5; TUC, The Tactics of Disruption, 1948, p. 6.

TUC and Communism, p. 5.

TUC, Congress Report, 1949, pp. 352-4.

Labour Party Conference Annual Reports, 1922, p. 199; 1935, pp. 209, 256; 1943, pp. 159, 163. Cf ‘rare are even the most extreme admirers (within the Labour Party or the TUC) of the USSR who had the slightest sympathy for either the Third International or its British subsidiary’ (A. J. Williams, Labour and Russia. The Attitude of the Labour Party to the USSR, 1924-34, Manchester University Press, 1985, p. 37).

Scottish ILP, ‘No United Front with Communists’, New Leader, 4 April 1940.

M. Woodhouse and B. Pearce, Essays on the History of Communism in Britain, London, New Park, 1975. For critical Marxist attempts to understand Stalinism, see, for example, L. Trotsky, The Revolution Betrayed, London, Faber, 1937; T. Cliff, Stalinist Russia. A Marxist Analysis, London, Michael Kidron, 1955; M. Shachtman, The Bureaucratic Revolution, New York, Donald Press, 1962; I. Deutscher, The Unfinished Revolution. Russia 1917-1967, Oxford University Press, 1967; E. Mandel, Beyond Perestroika, London, New Left Books, 1988; H. Ticktin, The Origins of the Crisis in the USSR, New York, Sharpe, 1992. Recent academic writers on the CPGB have demonstrated little interest in the nature of the system its members served.Essays on the History of Communism in Britain

J. Hinton and R. Hyman, Trade Unions and Revolution. The Industrial Politics of the Early Communist Party, London, Pluto Press, 1975.Trade Unions and Revolution. The Industrial Politics of the Early Communist Party

G. Aldred, Communism. The Story of the Communist Party, Glasgow, Strickland Press, 1943, p. 8.Communism. The Story of the Communist Party 8

A. Thorpe, ‘Comintern "control" of the Communist Party of Great Britain, 1920-43’, English Historical Review, 113, 452, 1998, p. 637; Burleigh, Third Reich, p. 20. Cf ‘a late product of the cold war’, K. Morgan, Against Fascism and War. Ruptures and Continuities in British Communist Politics, 1935-41, Manchester University Press, 1989, p. 7. See A. Reid, ‘Class and politics in the work of Henry Pelling’, Unpublished paper, University of Salford, 2001.‘Comintern "control" of the Communist Party of Great Britain, 1920-43’. English Historical Review 113:637

B. Pearce, review of Pelling, Labour Review, December 1958, p. 56. While his focus was international, all historians of the CPGB seeking to transcend the parochial remain indebted to another child of the 1950s, E. H. Carr's A History of Soviet Russia, London, Macmillan, 14 volumes, 1950-78; and E. H. Carr, The Twilight of Comintern, London, Macmillan, 1982.

Macfarlane, British Communist Party.

W. Kendall, The Revolutionary Movement in Britain, 1900-1921, London, Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1969, p. xiii.The Revolutionary Movement in Britain, 1900-1921 xiii

P. Latham, ‘Methodological approaches to Communist Party history’, Our History Journal, 3, 1978, p. 1; J. Hinton, review of Kendall, Bulletin of the Society for the Study of Labour History, 19, 1969.‘Methodological approaches to Communist Party history’. Our History Journal 3:1

R. Martin, Communism and the Trade Unions, 1924-33. A Study of the National Minority Movement, Oxford, Clarendon Press, 1969; S. Macintyre, A Proletarian Science. Marxism in Britain, 1917-33, Cambridge University Press, 1983; R. Challinor, The Origins of British Bolshevism, London, Croom Helm, 1977; S. Macintyre, Little Moscows. Communism and Working-Class Militancy in Inter-War Britain, London, Croom Helm, 1980; H. Francis and D. Smith, The Fed. A History of the South Wales Miners in the Twentieth Century, London, Lawrence and Wishart, 1979; R. Samuel, ‘The lost world of British Communism, 1, 2 and 3, New Left Review, 154, 156, 165, 1985, 1986, 1987. See also R. Croucher, Engineers at War, London, Merlin, 1982.Communism and the Trade Unions, 1924-33. A Study of the National Minority Movement

Cornforth to Klugmann, 20 January 1966, NMLH, CP/IND/KLUG/02/07; Hobsbawm, Revolutionaries, p. 10.

Morgan, Against Fascism, p. 7. Brian Pearce is implicated for suggesting the CPGB tried to stop strikes during the Popular Front period although careful reading suggests he is referring to the Comintern, not the CPGB, and to the French party. Morgan alleges ‘similar intent’ in S. Bornstein and A. Richardson's Two Steps Back, London, Socialist Platform, 1982, because of the ‘imbalance’ of its treatment of the CPGB's attitude to strikes.

See Decision of Secretariat on the Report of Comrade Pollitt, 10 January 1937, Draft Resolution of the CC of the CPGB [1937], RGASPI, 495/20/39; Thorpe, Communist Party, p. 227.

Morgan, Against Fascism, pp. 116-17.

Morgan, Against Fascism, pp. 117, 120.

Morgan, Against Fascism, p. 309.

N. Fishman, The British Communist Party and the Trade Unions, Aldershot, Scolar, 1995, pp. 255, 337, 4-19, 30-42.The British Communist Party and the Trade Unions 255

Four sources are cited for the alliance, so central to Fishman's work. Of these, neither Macfarlane, pp. 218-19, nor Martin, pp. 153-4, say anything relevant to it. Fishman's authority thus boils down to ‘conversations’ with William Campbell and Douglas Hyde. See K. Morgan, Communist histories, LHR, 60, 3, 1995, pp. 59-62.

J. McIlroy, ‘Rehabilitating Communist history’, Revolutionary History, 8, 1, 2001. For examples, see DW, 31 March, 1-4, 17, 18, 27 September 1930, 11 April 1931.‘Rehabilitating Communist history’. Revolutionary History 8

J. McIlroy and A. Campbell, ‘The heresy of Arthur Horner’, Llafur, 8, 2, 2001.‘The heresy of Arthur Horner’. Llafur 8:2

DW, 1-4 September 1931.

Fishman, Communist Party, p. 40.

PB, 9 January 1932, NMLH, CI13, where Pollitt said of the RILU meeting: ‘Kuusinen spoke for three hours just along the lines I am speaking here’; CC, 16 January 1932, RGASPI, 495/100/822; Fishman, Communist Party, pp. 48-61; DW, 26 September 1932. The resolution endorsed in January 1932 by the CPGB CC was approved by the ECCI Presidium in December 1931 following extensive discussions at the RILU Council and the ECCI British Commission. See n. 73.

Fishman, Communist Party, p. 333. Cf the view that Pollitt's loyalty to the CPGB ‘owed as much to his trade unionist's conception of democracy as to the imported theories of democratic centralism he had grafted on to it’ (K. Morgan, Harry Pollitt, Manchester University Press, 1993, p. 113).

XII Plenum, Resolution of the CP of Great Britain, December 1933, RGASPI, 495/20/38; ‘Dick’ to Harry, 25 July 1934, ‘Dear Friends’, 25 December 1934, ‘Dear Friend’, 31 December 1934, RGASPI, 495/100/943; ‘Dear Friends’, 15 January 1935, RGASPI, 495/100/993; Draft resolution of the CC of the CPGB, ‘worked out by the British delegation together with the Commission of the Secretariat’, and Decision of ECCI Secretariat, 4 September 1937, RGASPI, 495/20/39.

See B. Studer and B. Unfried, ‘At the beginning of history: visions of the Comintern after the opening of the archives’, International Review of Social History, 42, 3, 1997, pp. 430-2.‘At the beginning of history: visions of the Comintern after the opening of the archives’. International Review of Social History 42:430-2

It Can Be Done. Report of the Fourteenth Congress of the CPGB, CPGB, 1937, p. 167; Statement on the Events in South Wales, n.d. [1935], RGASPI, 495/100/1004.

It Can Be Done, pp. 114, 174.

It Can Be Done, p. 61.

Peter Zinkin, Fifteenth Congress, 1938, NMLH, CP/CENT/CONG/04/10.

As surviving minutes testify. See, for example, District Reports, 1934, RGASPI, 495/100/979; London District Bulletins, 1937, RGASPI, 495/14/238; District Reports, 1937, RGASPI, 495/14/239; Party Organisation in the Trade Unions, n. d [1939], RGASPI, 495/100/1040.

W. Thompson, The Good Old Cause. British Communism, 1920-1991, London, Pluto Press, 1992; K. Laybourn and D. Murphy, Under the Red Flag. A History of Communism in Britain, Stroud, Sutton, 1999. Nor should F. Beckett, Enemy Within. The Rise and Fall of the British Communist Party, London, John Murray, 1995, a readable journalistic account, be overlooked. G. Andrews, N. Fishman and K. Morgan (eds), Opening the Books. Essays on the Social and Cultural History of the British Communist Party, London, Pluto Press, 1995; Special Issue: ‘Communism in Britain and the Empire’, Science and Society, 61, 1, 1997. These collections included useful studies of coalminers, teachers, weavers, journalists, youth and intellectuals. They employed thick-textured social history unevenly and only intermittently exploited the archives — an exception was Monty Johnstone's seminal essay on 1939-41.The Good Old Cause. British Communism, 1920-1991

A. Thorpe (ed.), The Failure of Political Extremism in Inter-War Britain, University of Exeter, 1989; Thorpe, ‘Comintern "control"’, p. 662; A. Thorpe, ‘Stalinism and British politics’, History, 83, 272, 1998, p. 81. See also A. Thorpe, ‘The Communist International and the British Communist Party’ in T. Rees and A. Thorpe (eds), International Communism and the Communist International, 1919-43, Manchester University Press, 1998; Thorpe, Communist Party.

The following five paragraphs draw on McIlroy, ‘Rehabilitating Communist history’, pp. 205-14; J. McIlroy and A. Campbell, "Nina Ponomareva's hats": the new revisionism, the Communist International and the Communist Party of Great Britain, 1920-30, Labour/Le Travail, 49, 2002.

N. E. Rosenfeldt, Stalin's Secret Chancellery and the Comintern, University of Copenhagen, 1991; A. Vatlin, Die Komintern, 1919-29, Mainz, Decalon, 1993; B. Studer, ‘More autonomy for the national sections? The reorganisation of the ECCI after the Seventh World Congress’, in M. Narinsky and J. Rojahn (eds), Centre and Periphery. The History of the Comintern in the Light of New Documents, Amsterdam, International Institute of Social History, 1996; K. McDermott and J. Agnew, The Comintern, Basingstoke, Macmillan, 1996.Stalin's Secret Chancellery and the Comintern

Thorpe, Communist Party, p. 279.

McIlroy and Campbell, ‘ "Nina Ponomareva's hats" ’, Table 1.

Thorpe, Communist Party, p. 281.

Thorpe, Communist Party, pp. 183-4.

British Commission, December 1931, NMLH, CI32B; ECCI Presidium, 29 December 1931, CI25.

Thorpe, Communist Party, p. 194.

Thorpe, Communist Party, p. 199; AAS, 26 August 1932, NMLH, CI32B.

Thorpe, Communist Party, p. 210.

Thorpe, Communist Party, p. 214.

Ibid.

Thorpe, Communist Party, p. 279. For Thorpe's erroneous view of Pollitt's role, 1929-32, see McIlroy and Campbell, ‘Heresy’.

Thorpe, Communist Party, p. 210.

Thorpe, Communist Party, pp. 280-1.

M. Worley, Class Against Class. The Communist Party in Britain Between the Wars, London, I. B. Tauris, 2002, p. 317; Worley, ‘Reflections’, pp. 243-4.Class Against Class. The Communist Party in Britain Between the Wars 317

Worley, Class Against Class, p. 69. See also M. Worley, ‘The Communist International, The Communist Party of Great Britain and the Third Period, 1928-1932’, European History Quarterly, 30, 2, 2000; M. Worley, ‘Left turn: a reassessment of the Communist Party of Great Britain in the Third Period, 1928-33’, Twentieth Century British History, 11, 4, 2000.

The following paragraphs are based on A. Campbell and J. McIlroy, ‘Reflections on the Communist Party's Third Period in Scotland: the case of Willie Allan’, Scottish Labour History, 35, 2000; McIlroy, ‘Rehabilitating Communist history’, pp. 215-26; J. McIlroy and A. Campbell, ‘"For a revolutionary workers’ government": Moscow, British Communism and revisionist interpretations of the Third Period, 1927-34, European History Quarterly, 32, 4, 2002.‘Reflections on the Communist Party's Third Period in Scotland: the case of Willie Allan’. Scottish Labour History 35

K. McDermott, ‘Stalin and the Comintern during the Third Period’, European History Quarterly, 25, 3. 1995.‘Stalin and the Comintern during the Third Period’. European History Quarterly 25

Worley, ‘Reflections’, pp. 245-6; Thorpe. ‘Communist International’, pp. 72-3.

E. P. Thompson, The Poverty of Theory, London, Merlin, 1978, p. 329.The Poverty of Theory 329

Thompson, Poverty, p. 330.

S. Courtois (ed.), The Black Book of Communism, Harvard University Press, 1999.The Black Book of Communism

K. Morgan, ‘Parts of people’, in J. McIlroy, K. Morgan and A. Campbell (eds), Party People, Communist Lives, London, Lawrence and Wishart, 2001, p. 26.Party People, Communist Lives 26

Morgan, ‘Parts of people’, p. 25.

D. Howell, ‘Afterword’, in McIlroy et al., Party People, p. 238.

J. Callaghan, Rajani Palme Dutt. A Study in British Stalinism, London, Lawrence and Wishart, 1993; R. Darlington, The Political Trajectory of J. T. Murphy, Liverpool University Press, 1998; Morgan, Pollitt. The best autobiographies are collaborations between academics and activists: H. McShane and J. Smith, No Mean Fighter, London, Pluto Press, 1978, and H. Wicks, Keeping My Head. Memoirs of a British Bolshevik, London, Socialist Platform, 1992. Transcending all genres as a portrait of late Stalinism is Alison McLeod's The Death of Uncle Joe, Woodbridge, Merlin, 1997.Rajani Palme Dutt. A Study in British Stalinism

K. Newton, The Sociology of British Communism, London, Allen Lane, 1969. Newton interviewed just twenty-seven members with no control groups. Cf Morgan's statement that ‘British communists mostly came from and belonged to’ an undifferentiated socialist tradition, citing in support ‘preliminary findings from the Manchester prosopographical project show that nearly all of those for whom prior political affiliations are recorded had been members of Labour or socialist organisations’ (‘Parts of people’, pp. 25, 28, n. 30). Leaving aside the often transformative nature of conversion to Communism, the quantitative evidence referred to apparently involved just 96 Communists whose ‘prior political affiliations’ were known to be Labour or ILP out of a filtered sample of 968 CP recruits for whom there was ‘reasonable likelihood’ of such information being available. (‘The CPGB biographical project’, unpublished conference paper, University of Manchester, 2001.)The Sociology of British Communism

S. Bruley, Leninism, Stalinism and the Women's Movement in Britain, 1920-1939, New York and London, Garland, 1986.Leninism, Stalinism and the Women's Movement in Britain, 1920-1939

For examples, see J. McIlroy, ‘Notes on the Communist Party and industrial politics’, in J. McIlroy, N. Fishman and A. Campbell (eds), British Trade Unions and Industrial Politics, vol. 2. The High Tide of Trade Unionism, 1964-1979, Aldershot, Ashgate, 1999; J. McIlroy, ‘"Every factory our fortress": Communist Party workplace branches in a time of militancy, 1956-79, part 1: history, politics, topography’, Historical Studies in Industrial Relations, 10, 2000; J. McIlroy, ‘ "Every factory our fortress": Communist Party workplace branches in a time of militancy, 1956-79, part 2: testimonies and judgements’, Historical Studies in Industrial Relations, 12, 2001; J. McIlroy and A. Campbell, ‘The Scots at the Lenin School: an essay in collective biography’, Scottish Labour History, 37, 2002; J. McIlroy and A. Campbell, ‘Coalfield leaders, trade unionism and Communist politics: exploring Arthur Horner and Abe Moffat’, in S. Berger, A. Croll and N. LaPorte (eds), Towards a Comparative History of Coalfield Societies, Aldershot, Ashgate, 2003; J. McIlroy and A. Campbell, ‘Beyond Betteshanger: Order 1305 and conflict in the Scottish coalfields during the Second World War’, forthcoming.

Thompson, Poverty, p. 382.

Information & Authors

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Labour History Review

Volume 68 • Number 1 • 1 April 2003

Pages: 33 - 59

History

Published online: 4 January 2003

Published in print: 1 April 2003

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John McIlroy

University of Manchester

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Alan Campbell

University of Liverpool

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