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There is no space here to discuss the multitude of ways that this fracturing was experienced and made evident. Although pre-war dockland communities are often nostalgically recalled as safe spaces where bonds of neighbourliness and kinship ensured the survival of all, they could equally be experienced as prisons that circumscribed the fulfilment of aspirations. See P. Ayers, The Liverpool Docklands. Life and Work in Athol Street, Liverpool, Docklands History Books, 1986. Work in progress, ‘The Economics of Daily Life; Gender, Household and Community in Interwar Liverpool’ attempts to address the complexity of inter-war dockland experience. Google Scholar

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This was, for Liverpool, a relative concept. Even in the good years of the 1950s and 1960s, unemployment was two-and-a-half times the national average. R. Nabarro, ‘The impact on workers from the inner city of Liverpool's economic decline', in A. Evans and D. Eversley (eds), The Inner City. Employment and Industry, London, Heinemann, 1980, p. 308. Google Scholar

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Although, by 1965, high turnover had forced the company to become less ‘picky'. H. Beynon, Working for Ford, London, Allen Lane, 1973, pp.71, 87. Google Scholar

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Although between 1945-71, restructuring created 94,000 new manufacturing jobs, between 1961-71, 50,000 jobs were lost to the city and unemployment was twice the national average over the whole period. See, Nabarro, ‘The impact’, pp. 295-6, 308. Liverpool Daily Post, 19 July 1962, demanded action over the ‘Kirby workless’ complaining that many firms who had relocated to Liverpool were not employing local people. Google Scholar

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Ibid., pp. 139-43. This was not particular to Liverpool. On Glasgow, see T. Nicholls and P. Armstrong, Workers Divided, Glasgow, Fontana, 1976. On understanding the various ways in which employees might respond to work discipline see, G. Mars, Cheats at Work; An Anthropology of Workplace Crime, London, Unwin Paperbacks, 1982. For a short discussion of the relevance of workplace theft to the formation of masculinity, see Morgan, Discovering, p. 89. Google Scholar

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Bill Osgerby identifies a similar process in 1950s and 60s America. B. Osgerby, Playboys in Paradise; Masculinity, Youth and Leisure-style in Modern America, Oxford, Berg, 2001, p. 3. Google Scholar

There were many hundreds of local bands. S. Cohen, Rock Culture in Liverpool: Popular Music in the Making, Oxford, Clarendon, 1991, p. 3, ch. 8; P. Du Noyer, Liverpool: Wondrous Place, London, Virgin Publishing, 2001 pp. 27, 35. See also, A. Bennett, Popular Music and Youth Culture: Music, Identity and Place, Basingstoke, Macmillan, 2000. Google Scholar

For succinct, evocative description/analysis see, Lane, Liverpool, pp. 146-7. Also, Beynon, Working, pp. 70-1; R. Taylor & A. Ward with J. Williams, Three Sides of the Mersey, London, Bolsover Books, 1994, pp. 124-5. Google Scholar

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There is a great deal of work to be undertaken into the formal and informal racially exclusionary alliances forged between capital and labour. See, Liverpool Youth Organisations Committee, Special but not Separate, Liverpool: LYOC, 1968; Nabarro, ‘The impact', pp. 316-17. Google Scholar

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Fifty years earlier, Eleanor Rathbone argued that ‘man’ albeit in his ‘unconscious mind’, was only too aware of the power over wives and children his role as breadwinner gave him: that the dependency of his family added measurably to the authority and self-esteem of husbands. E. R. Rathbone, The Disinherited Family: A Plea for the Endowment of the Family, London, Edward Arnold, 1924, pp. 270-3; P. Ayers and J. Lambertz, ‘Marriage, money and domestic violence in working-class Liverpool, 1919-1939’, in J. Lewis (ed.), Labour and Love: Women's Experience of Home and Family, 1850-1940, Oxford, Basil Blackwell, 1986. Google Scholar

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For example, by the mid 1970s, the inner city parish of St Francis Xavier, ‘which used to house 13,000 Roman Catholics had, through demolition and dispersal, fallen to 900'. Warlock and Sheppard, Better, p. 44. Google Scholar

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There are obvious exceptions to this. Young shop stewards at Fords ‘ate their meals together in the works canteens, drank together after meetings. They were friends'. But, arguably, their relationship to the workplace made this more necessary. Beynon, Working, p. 74. Google Scholar

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This mirrors findings of contemporary studies. See, for example, A. P. Jephcott, Married Women Working, London, Allen & Unwin, 1962; A, Myrdal & V. Klein, Women's Two Roles, London, Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1956. For useful summary of contemporary issues, see J. Lewis, Women in Britain since 1945, Oxford, Basil Blackwell, 1992, ch. 3. Google Scholar

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