Evaluating the cumulative impact problem in spatial planning: a case study of wind turbines in Aberdeenshire, UK

Town Planning Review (2014), 85, (4), 457–488.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.3828/tpr.2014.27
Language: English
Pages: 32

Abstract

The problem of cumulative impact (CI) is an under-researched issue in spatial planning theory and practice with important implications for sustainability. This paper investigates how cumulative impact is addressed within the Scottish planning system through a case study focused on small-scale wind developments in Aberdeenshire UK. Using assessments of planning applications and stakeholder interviews, the findings revealed a disjuncture between considering applications on their own merit versus more strategic and long term considerations. The lack of sufficient guidance tailored to the specific scale of development poses significant proportionality problems. We argue for a more positive dialogue between planners, developers and supporting agencies championing adaptive management and social learning frameworks in order to improve CI processes and outcomes.

FormatArticle

£25.00

READ THIS ARTICLE

If you have private access to this content, please log in with your username and password here

ABERDEENSHIRE COUNCIL (2005a), Use of wind energy in Aberdeenshire Part 1: Guidance for Developers (SPG), Aberdeen, Aberdeenshire Council. Google Scholar

ABERDEENSHIRE COUNCIL (2005b), Use of wind energy in Aberdeenshire Part 2: Guidance for Assessing Wind Energy Developments (SPG), Aberdeen, Aberdeenshire Council. Google Scholar

ADAMS, D., SCOTT A. J. and HARDMAN, M. (2013), ‘Guerrilla warfare in the planning system: revolutionary progress towards sustainability?’ Geografriska Annaler B. Series B, Human Geography, 95, 375-87. ‘Guerrilla warfare in the planning system: revolutionary progress towards sustainability?’ Geografriska Annaler B. Series B, Human Geography 95 375 87 Google Scholar

ANTROP, M. (2006), ‘Sustainable landscapes: contradiction, fiction or utopia’, Landscape and Urban Planning, 75, 187-97. ‘Sustainable landscapes: contradiction, fiction or utopia’ Landscape and Urban Planning 75 187 97 Google Scholar

BAILEY, N. J., LEE, T. and THOMPSON, S. (2006), ‘Maximising the natural capital benefits of habitat creation: Spatially targeting native woodland using GIS’, Landscape and Urban Planning, 75, 227-43. ‘Maximising the natural capital benefits of habitat creation: Spatially targeting native woodland using GIS’ Landscape and Urban Planning 75 227 43 Google Scholar

BAXTER, W., ROSS, W. A. and SPALING, H. (2001), ‘Improving the practice of cumulative effects assessment in Canada’, Impact Assessment and Project Appraisal, 19, 253-62. ‘Improving the practice of cumulative effects assessment in Canada’ Impact Assessment and Project Appraisal 19 253 62 Google Scholar

BBC (BRITISH BROADCASTING CORPORATION) (2008), Mixed emotions over wind decision, 21 April 2008 http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/scotland/highlands_and_islands/7359522.stm Google Scholar

BBC (BRITISH BROADCASTING CORPORATION) (2013), Local communities offered more say over wind farms, 6 June 2013 http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-22791815 Google Scholar

BENSON, J. F., SCOTT, K. E., ANDERSON, C., MACFARLANE, R., DUNSFORD, H. and TURNER K. (2004), Landscape capacity study for onshore wind energy development in the Western Isles, Commissioned Report No. 042 (ROAME No. F02LC04), Edinburgh, Scottish Natural Heritage. Google Scholar

BOOTH, A. L. and SKELTON, N. W. (2011), ‘Improving First Nations’ participation in environmental assessment processes: recommendations from the field', Impact Assessment and Project Appraisal, 29: 49-58. ‘Improving First Nations’ participation in environmental assessment processes: recommendations from the field' Impact Assessment and Project Appraisal 29 49 58 Google Scholar

BUSCH, M., KANNEN, A., GARTHE, S. and JESSOPP, M. (2013), ‘Consequences of a cumulative perspective on marine environmental impacts: Offshore wind farming and seabirds at North Sea Scale in context of the EU Marine Strategy Framework Directive’, Ocean and Coastal Management, 71, 213-24. ‘Consequences of a cumulative perspective on marine environmental impacts: Offshore wind farming and seabirds at North Sea Scale in context of the EU Marine Strategy Framework Directive’ Ocean and Coastal Management 71 213 24 Google Scholar

CANTER, L, and KAMATH, J. (1995), ‘Questionaire checklist for cumulative impacts’, Environmental Impact Assessement Review, 15, 311-39. ‘Questionaire checklist for cumulative impacts’ Environmental Impact Assessement Review 15 311 39 Google Scholar

CATTO, G., SUTHERLAND, C. and HEASLING, S. (2006), Environmental report prepared for Pitglassie wind cluster, Peebles, Greencat Renewables. Environmental report prepared for Pitglassie wind cluster Google Scholar

CBD (CONVENTION ON BIOLOGICAL DIVERSITY) (2010), The Ecosystem Approach, Quebec, UNEP. Google Scholar

COMMUNITIES AND LOCAL GOVERNMENT (2010), Garden developments: understanding the issues. An investigation into residential development on gardens in England, London, Department for Communities and Local Government. Google Scholar

CONTANT, C. K., AND WIGGINS, L. L. (1991), ‘Defining and analysing cumulative environmental impacts’, Environmental Impact Assessment Review, 11, 297-309. ‘Defining and analysing cumulative environmental impacts’ Environmental Impact Assessment Review 11 297 309 Google Scholar

COOPER, L. and SHEATE, W. (2002), ‘Cumulative effects assessment: A review of UK environmental impact statements’, Environmental Impact Assessment Review, 22, 415-39. ‘Cumulative effects assessment: A review of UK environmental impact statements’ Environmental Impact Assessment Review 22 415 39 Google Scholar

COOPER, L. M. (2004), Guidelines for Cumulative Effects Assessment in SEA of Plans, EPMG Occasional Paper 04/LMC/CEA Imperial College, London, EPMG. Guidelines for Cumulative Effects Assessment in SEA of Plans Google Scholar

COOPER, L. M. and SHEATE W. R. (2002), ‘Cumulative effects assessment: A review of UK environmental impact statements’, Environmental Impact Assessment, 22, 415-39. ‘Cumulative effects assessment: A review of UK environmental impact statements’ Environmental Impact Assessment 22 415 39 Google Scholar

COOPER, T. A. and CANTER, L. W. (1997), ‘Documentation of cumulative impacts in environmental impact statements’, Environmental Impact Assessment Review, 17, 385-11. ‘Documentation of cumulative impacts in environmental impact statements’ Environmental Impact Assessment Review 17 385 11 Google Scholar

COOPER. K., BOYD, S., ALDRIDGE, J. and REES, H. (2007), ‘Cumulative impacts of aggregate extraction on seabed macro-invertebrate communities in an area off the east coast of the United Kingdom’, Journal of Sea Research, 57, 288-302. ‘Cumulative impacts of aggregate extraction on seabed macro-invertebrate communities in an area off the east coast of the United Kingdom’ Journal of Sea Research 57 288 302 Google Scholar

COUNCIL OF EUROPE, (2000), European Landscape Convention, ETS 176. http://www.coe.int/t/dg4/cultureheritage/heritage/Landscape/default_en.asp Google Scholar

COUNCIL ON ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY, (1997), Considering Cumulative Effects Under the National Environmental Policy Act, Washington, Council on Environmental Quality. Google Scholar

COUNSELL, D. (1998), ‘Sustainable development and structure plans in England and Wales: a review of current practice’, Journal of Environmental Planning and Management, 41, 177-94. ‘Sustainable development and structure plans in England and Wales: a review of current practice’ Journal of Environmental Planning and Management 41 177 94 Google Scholar

COWELL, R. and OWENS, C. (2006), ‘Governing space: planning reform and the politics of sustainability’, Environment and Planning C: Government and Policy, 24, 403-21. ‘Governing space: planning reform and the politics of sustainability’ Environment and Planning C: Government and Policy 24 403 21 Google Scholar

COWELL, R. and OWENS, S. (1998), ‘Suitable locations: equity and sustainability in the minerals planning process’, Regional Studies, 32, 797-811. ‘Suitable locations: equity and sustainability in the minerals planning process’ Regional Studies 32 797 811 Google Scholar

CROSS, R. and SPENCER, R. (2009), Sustainable Gardens, Collingwood, CSIRO Publishing. Sustainable Gardens Google Scholar

CUMMING, G., CUMMING, D. and REDMAN, C. (2006), ‘Scale mismatches in social-ecological systems: causes, consequences, and solutions’, Ecology and Society, 11, 14. ‘Scale mismatches in social-ecological systems: causes, consequences, and solutions’ Ecology and Society 11 14 Google Scholar

DCLG (DEPARTMENT FOR COMMUNITIES AND LOCAL GOVERNMENT) (2012), The National Planning Policy Framework, DCLG, London. Google Scholar

Google Scholar

DEFRA (DEPARTMENT FOR ENVIRONMENT FOOD AND RURAL AFFAIRS) (2013), Payments for Ecosystem Services: A Best Practice Guide, DEFRA, London. Google Scholar

DUBE, M. G. (2003), ‘Cumulative effect assessment in Canada: a regional framework for aquatic ecosystems’, Environmental Impact Assessment Review, 23, 723-45. ‘Cumulative effect assessment in Canada: a regional framework for aquatic ecosystems’ Environmental Impact Assessment Review 23 723 45 Google Scholar

DUINKER, P. and GREIG, L. (2006), ‘The impotence of cumulative effects assessment in Canada: ailments and ideas for redeployment’, Environmental Management, 37, 153-61. ‘The impotence of cumulative effects assessment in Canada: ailments and ideas for redeployment’ Environmental Management 37 153 61 Google Scholar

EC (EUROPEAN COMMISSION) (1985), Council of the European Communities, ‘Council Directive 85/337/EEC of 27 June 1985 on the assessment of the effects of certain public and private projects on the environment’, Official Journal of the European Communities, 40, (L175), 40-48. Google Scholar

EC (EUROPEAN COMMISSION) (1997), Council of the European Union, ‘Council Directive 97/11/EC of 3 March 1997 amending Directive 85/337/EEC on the assessment of the effects of certain public and private projects on the environment’, Official Journal of the European Communities, 40, (L73), 5-14. Google Scholar

EC (EUROPEAN COMMISSION) (1999), Guidelines for the Assessment of Indirect and Cumulative Impacts as well as Impact Interactions, EC DG XI Environment, Nuclear Safety & Civil Protection http://ec.europa.eu/environment/eia/eia-studies-and-reports/pdf/guidel.pdf Google Scholar

EC (EUROPEAN COMMISSION) (2001), Council of the European Parliament, ‘Directive 2001/42/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 27 June 2001 on the assessment of the effects of certain plans and programmes on the environment’, Official Journal of the European Communities, 44, (L197), 30-37. Google Scholar

ECCLESTONE, H. C. (2011), Environmental Impact Assessment, Taylor and Francis, Boca Raton. Environmental Impact Assessment Google Scholar

ENVIKO (2011), Farmers' Wind Information Pack, London, Enviko. Google Scholar

FARMERS GUARDIAN (2011), Making wind power pay as diversification http://www.farmersguardian.com/home/renewables/making-wind-power-pay-as-a-diversification/41482 Google Scholar

FAZEY, I. and SCHULTZ, L. (2009), ‘Adaptive people for adaptive management’, in Adaptive environmental management: a practitioners' guide, C. Allan, G. Stankey, (eds), Dordrecht, Springer, 323-38. Adaptive environmental management: a practitioners' guide 323 38 Google Scholar

FISCHER, T. B. (2010), ‘Reviewing the quality of strategic environmental assessment reports for English spatial plan core strategies’, Environment Impact Assessment Review, 30, 60-69 ‘Reviewing the quality of strategic environmental assessment reports for English spatial plan core strategies’ Environment Impact Assessment Review 30 60 69 Google Scholar

FOLKESON, L. ANTONSON, H. and HELLDIN, J. O. (2013.), ‘Planners’ views on cumulative effects: a focus group study concerning transport infrastructure in Sweden', Land Use Policy, 30: 243-53. ‘Planners’ views on cumulative effects: a focus group study concerning transport infrastructure in Sweden' Land Use Policy 30 243 53 Google Scholar

FRANKS, D. M., BRERETON, D. and MORAN, C. J. (2010), ‘Managing the cumulative impacts of coal mining on regional communities and environments in Australia’, Impact Assessment and Project Appraisal 28, 299-312. ‘Managing the cumulative impacts of coal mining on regional communities and environments in Australia’ Impact Assessment and Project Appraisal 28 299 312 Google Scholar

GIUSTI, G. A., LEIDER, A., VILMS, J. and FETHERSTONE, J. (2005), ‘Planning options for oak conservation’ in G. A. Giusti, D. D McCreary and R. B. Standiford (eds), A Planner's Guide for Oak Woodlands, California, University of California. A Planner's Guide for Oak Woodlands Google Scholar

GLASSON, J., THERIVEL, R. and CHADWICK, A. J. (2012), Introduction to Environmental Impact Assessment: Principles and Procedures, Process, Practice and Prospects, Abingdon, Routledge. Introduction to Environmental Impact Assessment: Principles and Procedures, Process, Practice and Prospects Google Scholar

GONZALEZ-SANSON, G. and AGUILAR, C. (2010), ‘Reef fish diversity components as indicators of cumulative effects in a highly impacted fringe reef’, Ecological Indicators, 10, 766-72. ‘Reef fish diversity components as indicators of cumulative effects in a highly impacted fringe reef’ Ecological Indicators 10 766 72 Google Scholar

GUNDERSON, L. and HOLLING, C. S. (2001), Panarchy: Understanding Transformations in Systems of Humans and Nature, Washington, Island Press. Panarchy: Understanding Transformations in Systems of Humans and Nature Google Scholar

Google Scholar

HALES, R. (2000), ‘The notion of sustainable development: exploring constraint and facilitation within the English planning system’, Journal of Environmental Planning and Management, 43, 99-121. ‘The notion of sustainable development: exploring constraint and facilitation within the English planning system’ Journal of Environmental Planning and Management 43 99 121 Google Scholar

HARDMAN, M. (2011), ‘Artificial grass in schools: a synthetic novelty?’, Critical Contemporary Culture, Issue 1. http://www.criticalcontemporaryculture.org/ (accessed 26 May 2012). http://www.criticalcontemporaryculture.org/ ‘Artificial grass in schools: a synthetic novelty?’ Critical Contemporary Culture Google Scholar

HARINGEY COUNCIL (2009), Paving over front gardens - Feasibility report for a full scrutiny review, Haringey, Haringey Council. Google Scholar

HOLLING, C. S. (1973), ‘Resilience and stability of ecological systems’, Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics, 4, 1-23. ‘Resilience and stability of ecological systems’ Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 4 1 23 Google Scholar

IRONSIDE FARRAR (2008), Angus Windfarms: Landscape Capacity and Cumulative Impact Study, Angus, Angus Council. Google Scholar

Google Scholar

KLESSMAN, C., HELD, A., RATHMANN, M. and RAGWITZ, M. (2011), ‘Status and perspectives of renewable energy policy and deployment in the European Union: what is needed to reach the 2020 targets?’, Energy Policy, 39, 7637-57. ‘Status and perspectives of renewable energy policy and deployment in the European Union: what is needed to reach the 2020 targets?’ Energy Policy 39 7637 57 Google Scholar

LADENBURG, J., TERMANSEN, M. and HASLER, B. (2013), ‘Assessing acceptability of two onshore wind power development schemes: A test of viewshed effects and the cumulative effects of wind turbines’, Energy, 54, 45-54. ‘Assessing acceptability of two onshore wind power development schemes: A test of viewshed effects and the cumulative effects of wind turbines’ Energy 54 45 54 Google Scholar

LANDSCAPE INSTITUTE AND INSTITUTE OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT AND ASSESSMENT (2002), Guidelines on Landscape and Visual Assessment, London, Spon. Google Scholar

LAWRENCE, D. (2007), ‘Impact significance determination: pushing the boundaries’, Environmental Impact Assessment Review, 27, 770-88. ‘Impact significance determination: pushing the boundaries’ Environmental Impact Assessment Review 27 770 88 Google Scholar

LINCOLNSHIRE COUNTY COUNCIL (2012), ‘Lincolnshire to resist further wind farm proposals’, Planning, 6 June 2012 http://www.planningresource.co.uk/article/1135248/lincolnshire-resist-further-wind-farm-proposals Google Scholar

MASDEN, E. A., FOX, A. D., FURNESS, R. W., BULLMAN, R. and HAYDON, D. T. (2010), ‘Cumulative impact assessments and bird/wind farm interactions: developing a conceptual framework’, Environmental Impact Assessment Review, 30, 1-7. ‘Cumulative impact assessments and bird/wind farm interactions: developing a conceptual framework’ Environmental Impact Assessment Review 30 1 7 Google Scholar

MATTHEWS, R. and SELMAN, P. (2006), ‘Landscape as a focus for integrating human and environmental processes’, Journal of Agricultural Economics, 57, 199-212. ‘Landscape as a focus for integrating human and environmental processes’ Journal of Agricultural Economics 57 199 212 Google Scholar

MITCHELL, P. I., NEWTON, S. F., RATCLIFFE, N. and DUNN, T. E. (2004), Seabird Populations of Britain and Ireland: Results of the Seabird 2000 Census (1998-2002), London, Poyser. Seabird Populations of Britain and Ireland: Results of the Seabird 2000 Census (1998-2002) Google Scholar

NATIONAL ECOSYSTEM ASSESSMENT (2011), The UK national ecosystem assessment: Synthesis of the key findings. Cambridge, UNEP-WCMC. Google Scholar

NOBLE, B. (2008), ‘Strategic approaches to regional cumulative effects assessment: a case study of the Great Sand Hills, Canada’, Impact Assessment and Project Appraisal, 26, 78-90. ‘Strategic approaches to regional cumulative effects assessment: a case study of the Great Sand Hills, Canada’ Impact Assessment and Project Appraisal 26 78 90 Google Scholar

NOHL, W. (2001), ‘Sustainable landscape use and aethetic perception-preliminary reflections on furture landscape aethetics’, Landscape and Urban Planning, 54, 223-37. ‘Sustainable landscape use and aethetic perception-preliminary reflections on furture landscape aethetics’ Landscape and Urban Planning 54 223 37 Google Scholar

OH, K., JEONG, Y., LEE, D., LEE, W. and CHOI, J. (2005), ‘Determining development density using the urban carrying capacity assessment system’, Landscape and Urban Planning, 73, 1-15. ‘Determining development density using the urban carrying capacity assessment system’ Landscape and Urban Planning 73 1 15 Google Scholar

Google Scholar

PARK, J. J., JORGENSEN, A., SWANWICK, C. and SELMAN, P. (2007), ‘Balancing landscape and development: A case study of mobile telecommunications development in the Peak District National Park England’, Planning Practice and Research, 22, 559-78. ‘Balancing landscape and development: A case study of mobile telecommunications development in the Peak District National Park England’ Planning Practice and Research 22 559 78 Google Scholar

PERDICOÜLIS, A. and PIPER, J. (2008), ‘Network and system diagrams revisited: Satisfying CEA requirements for causality analysis’, Environmental Impact Assessment Review, 28, 455-68. ‘Network and system diagrams revisited: Satisfying CEA requirements for causality analysis’ Environmental Impact Assessment Review 28 455 68 Google Scholar

PIPER, J. (2001), ‘Assessing the cumulative effects of project clusters: a comparison of process and methods in four UK cases’, Journal of Environmental Planning and Management, 44, 357-75. ‘Assessing the cumulative effects of project clusters: a comparison of process and methods in four UK cases’ Journal of Environmental Planning and Management 44 357 75 Google Scholar

PIPER, J. (2002), CEA and sustainable development: Evidence from UK case studies. Environmental Impact Assessment Review, 22, 17-36. CEA and sustainable development: Evidence from UK case studies Environmental Impact Assessment Review 22 17 36 Google Scholar

PLUMMER, R. AND ARMITAGE, D. (2007), ‘A resilience-based framework for evaluating adaptive co-management: Linking ecology, economics and society in a complex world’, Ecological Economics, 61, 62-74. ‘A resilience-based framework for evaluating adaptive co-management: Linking ecology, economics and society in a complex world’ Ecological Economics 61 62 74 Google Scholar

POTSCHIN, M, and HAINES-YOUNG, R. (2006), ‘Landscapes and sustainability’, Landscape and Urban Planning, 75, 155-61. ‘Landscapes and sustainability’ Landscape and Urban Planning 75 155 61 Google Scholar

PRIOR, A. and RAEMAEKERS, J. (2006), ‘Does planning deregulation threaten the environment? The effect of "permitted development" on the natural heritage of Scotland’, Journal of Environmental Planning and Management, 49, 241-63. ‘Does planning deregulation threaten the environment? The effect of "permitted development" on the natural heritage of Scotland’ Journal of Environmental Planning and Management 49 241 63 Google Scholar

ROSS, W. A. (1998), ‘Cumulative effects assessment: learning from Canadian case studies’, Impact Assessment and Project Appraisal, 16, 267-76. ‘Cumulative effects assessment: learning from Canadian case studies’ Impact Assessment and Project Appraisal 16 267 76 Google Scholar

RYDIN, Y. (1998), ‘Land use planning and environmental capacity: reassessing the use of regulatory policy tools to achieve sustainable development’, Journal of Environmental Planning and Management, 41, 749-65. ‘Land use planning and environmental capacity: reassessing the use of regulatory policy tools to achieve sustainable development’ Journal of Environmental Planning and Management 41 749 65 Google Scholar

SCHULTZ, C. A. (2012), ‘The U. S. Forest service's analysis of cumulative effects to wildlife: a study of legal standards, current practice, and ongoing challenges on a national forest’, Environmental Assessment Review 32, 74-81. ‘The U. S. Forest service's analysis of cumulative effects to wildlife: a study of legal standards, current practice, and ongoing challenges on a national forest’ Environmental Assessment Review 32 74 81 Google Scholar

SCOTT, A. J. (2002), ‘Assessing public perception of landscape: The LANDMAP experience’, Landscape Research, 27, 271-95. ‘Assessing public perception of landscape: The LANDMAP experience’ Landscape Research 27 271 95 Google Scholar

SCOTT, A. J. (2003), ‘Public perception of landscape in Wales; implications for the town and country planning system’, Journal of Environment Policy and Planning, 5, 123-44. ‘Public perception of landscape in Wales; implications for the town and country planning system’ Journal of Environment Policy and Planning 5 123 44 Google Scholar

SCOTT, A. J. (2011), ‘Beyond the conventional: meeting the challenges of landscape governance within the European landscape convention’, Journal of Environmental Management, 92, 2754-62. ‘Beyond the conventional: meeting the challenges of landscape governance within the European landscape convention’ Journal of Environmental Management 92 2754 62 Google Scholar

SCOTT, A. J. and SHANNON P. (2007), ‘Local landscape designations in Scotland: opportunity or barrier to effective landscape management?’, Landscape and Urban Planning, 81, 257-69. ‘Local landscape designations in Scotland: opportunity or barrier to effective landscape management?’ Landscape and Urban Planning 81 257 69 Google Scholar

Google Scholar

SCOTT, A., SHANNON, P., HARDMAN, N. and MILLER, D. (2008), Small-scale wind in Aberdeenshire, Report to Aberdeenshire Council and Scottish Natural Heritage, Aberdeen, Macaulay Institute. Google Scholar

SCOTT, A. J., SHORTEN, J., OWEN, R. and OWEN, I. G. (2009), ‘What kind of countryside do we want: perspectives from Wales, UK’, Geojournal, 76, 417-36. ‘What kind of countryside do we want: perspectives from Wales, UK’ Geojournal 76 417 36 Google Scholar

SCOTT, A. J., CARTER, C. E., LARKHAM, P., REED, M., MORTON, N., WATERS, R., ADAMS, D., COLLIER, D., CREAN, C., CURZON, R., FORSTER, R., GIBBS, P., GRAYSON, N., HARDMAN, M., HEARLE, A., JARVIS, D., KENNET, M. LEACH, K., MIDDLETON, M., SCHIESSEL, N., STONYER, B. and COLES, R. (2013a), ‘Disintegrated development at the rural urban fringe: re-connecting spatial planning theory and practice’, Progress in Planning, 83, 1-52. ‘Disintegrated development at the rural urban fringe: re-connecting spatial planning theory and practice’ Progress in Planning 83 1 52 Google Scholar

Google Scholar

SCOTTISH EXECUTIVE (1996), NPPG 14: Natural Heritage, Edinburgh, Scottish Executive. Google Scholar

SCOTTISH GOVERNMENT (2007), Scottish Planning Policy 6: Renewable Energy, Edinburgh, Scottish Government. Google Scholar

SCOTTISH GOVERNMENT (2014), National Planning Framework 3: A Plan for Scotland: Ambition, Opportunity, Place http://www.scotland.gov.uk/Topics/Built-Environment/planning/NPF3-SPP-Review/NPF3 Google Scholar

SNH (SCOTTISH NATURAL HERITAGE) (2005), Guidance: Cumulative Effects of Windfarms Version 2, Inverness, Scottish Natural Heritage. Google Scholar

SNH (SCOTTISH NATURAL HERITAGE) (2006), Guidance: Assessing Significance of Impacts From Onshore Windfarms on Birds Outwith Designated Areas, Inverness, Scottish Natural Heritage. Google Scholar

SNH (SCOTTISH NATURAL HERITAGE) (2008), Natural Heritage assessment of small-scale wind energy projects which do not require formal EIA, Inverness, Scottish Natural Heritage. Google Scholar

SODERMAN, T. (2006), ‘Treatment of biodiversity issues in impact assessment of electricity power transmission lines: A Finnish case review’, Environmental Impact Assessment Review, 26, 319-38. ‘Treatment of biodiversity issues in impact assessment of electricity power transmission lines: A Finnish case review’ Environmental Impact Assessment Review 26 319 38 Google Scholar

SÖDERMAN, T. and SAARELA, S-R. (2010), ‘Biodiversity in strategic environmental assessment (SEA) of municipal spatial plans in Finland’, Impact Assessment and Project Appraisal, 28, 117-33. ‘Biodiversity in strategic environmental assessment (SEA) of municipal spatial plans in Finland’ Impact Assessment and Project Appraisal 28 117 33 Google Scholar

SPASH, C. L. (2012), ‘New foundations for ecological economics’, Ecological Economics, 77, 36-47. ‘New foundations for ecological economics’ Ecological Economics 77 36 47 Google Scholar

STEWART, G. B., PULLIN, A. S. and COLES, C. F. (2007), ‘Poor evidence-base for assessment of windfarm impacts on birds’, Environmental Conservation, 34, 1-11. ‘Poor evidence-base for assessment of windfarm impacts on birds’ Environmental Conservation 34 1 11 Google Scholar

THEOBALD, D., MILLER, J. and HOBBS, N. T. (1997), ‘Estimating the cumulative effects of development on wildlife habitat’, Landscape and Urban Planning, 39, 25-36. ‘Estimating the cumulative effects of development on wildlife habitat’ Landscape and Urban Planning 39 25 36 Google Scholar

THERIVEL, R. (2009), ‘Appropriate assessment of plans in England’, Environmental Impact Assessment Review, 29, 261-72. ‘Appropriate assessment of plans in England’ Environmental Impact Assessment Review 29 261 72 Google Scholar

THERIVEL, R. and ROSS, B. (2007), ‘Cumulative effects assessment: Does scale matter?’, Environmental Impact Assessment Review, 27, 365-85. ‘Cumulative effects assessment: Does scale matter?’ Environmental Impact Assessment Review 27 365 85 Google Scholar

THERIVEL, R., and WALSH, F. (2006), ‘The strategic environmental assessment directive in the UK: One year on’, Environmental Impact Assessment Review, 26, 663-75. ‘The strategic environmental assessment directive in the UK: One year on’ Environmental Impact Assessment Review 26 663 75 Google Scholar

UNALAN, D. (2013), ‘Integrating Cumulative Impacts into Strategic Environmental Decision- Making: Tourism Development in Belek, Turkey’, Land Use Policy, 34, 243-49. ‘Integrating Cumulative Impacts into Strategic Environmental Decision- Making: Tourism Development in Belek, Turkey’ Land Use Policy 34 243 49 Google Scholar

UPHAM, P. (2001), ‘Environmental capacity of aviation: theoretical issues and basic research directions’, Journal of Environmental Planning and Management, 44, 721-34. ‘Environmental capacity of aviation: theoretical issues and basic research directions’ Journal of Environmental Planning and Management 44 721 34 Google Scholar

WARREN C. R. and BIRNIE R. V. (2009), ‘Re-powering Scotland: windfarms and the energy of environment?’ Scottish Geographical Journal, 125, 97-126. ‘Re-powering Scotland: windfarms and the energy of environment?’ Scottish Geographical Journal 125 97 126 Google Scholar

WARREN, C. R., LUMSDEN, C., O'DOWD, S. and BIRNIE, R. V. (2005), ‘"Green on green": public perceptions of wind power in Scotland and Ireland’, Journal of Environmental Planning and Management, 48: 853-75. ‘"Green on green": public perceptions of wind power in Scotland and Ireland’ Journal of Environmental Planning and Management 48 853 75 Google Scholar

WOODS, M. (2003), ‘Conflicting environmental visions of the rural: windfarm development in mid Wales’, Sociologia Ruralis, 43, 271-88. ‘Conflicting environmental visions of the rural: windfarm development in mid Wales’ Sociologia Ruralis 43 271 88 Google Scholar