Endnotes
1.J. Bailey,R. Gwyther,D. Jacobsen andG. Mallory, ‘Red, green and in-between: labour and the environment in historical context’(Conference Report), Labour History, no.98, May2010, pp.213-16.
2.N. Klein, ‘For Obama, no opportunity too big to blow’, The Nation, 21December2009.
3.L. Cupper andJ. Hearn, ‘Unions and the environment: recent Australian experience’, Industrial Relations, vol.20, no.2, 1981, pp.221-31.M. Burgmann andV. Burgmann, Green Bans, Red Union: Environmental Activism and the New South Wales Builders Labourers Federation,UNSW Press,, 1998;P. Norton, ‘Accord, discord, discourse and dialogue in the search for sustainable development: Labour-environmentalist cooperation and conflict in Australian debates on ecologically sustainable development and economic restructuring in the period of the Federal Labor Government, 1983-1996’, PhD dissertation,Griffith University, 2004;G. Mallory, Uncharted Waters: Social Responsibility in Australian Trade Unions,published by Greg Mallory,, 2005.
4.Burgmann andBurgmann, Green Bans, Red Union; Mallory, Uncharted Waters.
5.See the CFMEU (Mining and Energy Division)’s Climate Change policy athttp://www.cfmeu.com.au/index.cfm?section=29&Category=61&viewmode=content&ContentID=252.
6.Seehttp://www.actu.org.au/Campaigns/CleanEnergyJobs/default.aspx. The ACTU has joined with the Climate Institute, the Australian Conservation Foundation and the Australian Council of Social Service to form the Climate Coalition. Seehttp://www.climateconnectors.org/for the Climate Connectors program.
7.G. Peck, ‘The nature of labor: fault lines and common ground in environmental and labor history’, Environmental History, vol.11, no.2, 2006, pp.212-38.V. Silverman, ‘Sustainable alliances: the origins of international labor environmentalism’, International Labor and Working-Class History, vol.66, Fall, 2004, pp.118-35.
8.Peck, ‘The nature of labor’, p.212.
9.See, for example,J. Ajani, The Forest Wars,Melbourne University Press,, 2007.
10.A. Howkins, ‘From Diggers to Dongas: the land in English radicalism, 1649-2000’, History Workshop Journal, vol.54, pp.1-23.K. Milton, ‘A changing sense of place: direct action and environmental protest in the UK’, inJ. Carrier(ed.), Confronting Environments: Local Understanding in a Globalizing World,Rowman and Littlefield,, 2004, pp.165-81.
11.A. Groom, One Mountain After Another,Angus & Robertson,, 1949.
12.B. Harker, ‘The Manchester rambler: Ewan MacColl and the 1932 mass trespass’, History Workshop Journal, vol.59, 2005, pp.219-27.
13.For example, the Wildlife Preservation Society of Queensland, with the encouragement ofJudith Wright, was established in 1962, followed closely by the formation of the Australian Conservation Foundation in 1964. See,W. Lines, Patriots: Defending Australia’s Natural Heritage,University of Queensland Press,, 2006, p.38.
14.For example, the Total Environment Centre (covering the urban and natural environment) was established in 1972, following closely on the heels of Ecology Action, set up in 1971 to oppose threats to the global environment such as supersonic planes’ effects on the ozone layer. See,Lines, Patriots, pp.43, 119;Ecology Action Newsletter,, 1972.
15.C. Rootes, ‘Environmental movements’, inD. Snow,S. Soule andH. Kriesi(eds), The Blackwell Companion to Social Movements,Blackwell,, 2004, pp.608-40. For a comprehensive history of the modern Australian environment movement and its forebears, seeD. Hutton andL. Connors, A History of the Australian Environment Movement,Cambridge University Press,, 1999.
16.Castells, 1997, cited in Rootes,‘Environmental Movements’, p.608.
17.Touraineet al., 1997, cited in Rootes,‘Environmental Movements’, p.608.
18.W. Cronon, ‘The Trouble with Wilderness’, Environmental History, vol.1, no.1, 1996, pp.20-25.
19.See, for example,D. Faber(ed.), The Struggle for Ecological Democracy: Environmental Justice Movements in the United States,Guilford Press,, 1998;R. Wilkinson andW. Freudenberg(eds), Equity and the Environment,Elsevier,, 2008.
20.J. Agyeman, ‘Constructing environmental (in)justice: transatlantic tales’, Environmental Politics, vol.11, no.3, 2002, pp.31-53.D.A. McDonald, (ed.), Environmental Justice in South Africa,Ohio University Press,, 2002;J. Martinez-Alier, The Environmentalism of the Poor: A Study of Ecological Conflicts and Valuation,Edward Elgar,, 2002;Rootes, ‘Environmental movements’, at pp.615-16.
21.See, for instance, the Transition Network,http://www.transitionnetwork.org/about. See, also,A. Kenis andE. Mathijs, ‘The role of citizenship in transitions to sustainability: the emergence of transition towns in Flanders, Belgium’, paper presented at the First European Conference on Sustainability Transitions: Dynamics and Governance of Transitions to Sustainability,, 4-6June2009, accessed 8 April 2010 athttps://lirias.kuleuven.be/bitstream/123456789/239830/1/The+role+of+citizenship+in+transitions+to+sustainability+-+Kenis+and+Mathijs.doc.
22.See, for example,A. Vromen andN. Turnbull, ‘The Australian Greens: Challenges to the Cartel’, inI. Marsh(ed.), Parties in Transition,Federation Press,, 2006, pp.165-80. For a European perspective, seeJ. Burchell, The Evolution of Green Politics: Development and Change within European Green Parties,Earthscan,, 2002. Also see the research note by Harris in this issue.
23.Rootes, ‘Environmental movements’, p.609.
24.See, for example, the website of‘Business Shaper’, an Australian consultancy that offers ‘Sustainable business practices: making the complex simple’, including advice on ‘brand shaping’:http://www.sbpractices.com/about-sustainable-business-practices.Business Strategy and the Environment, vol.18, no.2, 2009, is a special issue on ‘Recapturing the corporate environmental management research agenda’.
25.M. Bess, ‘Anniversary forum: what next for environmental history?’, Environmental History, vol.10, no.1, 2005, pp.30-109.
26.A. Hurley, Environmental Inequalities: Class, Race, and Industrial Pollution in Gary, Indiana, 1945-1980,University of North Carolina Press,, 1995, p.182;D. Worster, Rivers of Empire: Water, Aridity and the Growth of the American West,Pantheon Books,, 1985, p.50;A. Taylor, ‘Unnatural inequalities: social and environmental histories’, Environmental History, vol.1, no.4, 1996, pp.6-19.
27.S. Dovers, ‘Can environmental history engage with policy?’, inS. Brown,S. Dovers,J. Frawley,A. Gaynor,H. Goodall,G. Karskens andS. Mullins, ‘Can environmental history save the world?’, History Australia, vol.5, no.1, pp.03.02-03.06.
28.J. McNeill, ‘Observations on the nature and culture of environmental history’, History and Theory, vol.42, December, 2003, pp.5-43.
29.Australia and New Zealand Environmental History Network website, accessed 7 April 2010 athttp://www.environmentalhistory-au-nz.org/.
30.R. White, ‘American environmental history: the development of a new historical field’, Pacific Historical Review, vol.54, 1985, pp.305-07.
31.Ibid., p.6. Rarely would all three strands be combined in an empirical study: see,S. Sorlin andP. Warde, ‘The problem of the problem of environmental history: a re-reading of the field’, Environmental History, vol.12, no.1, 2007, p.112.
32.J. O’Connor, Natural Causes: Essays in Ecological Marxism,Guildford Press,, 1998, p.54. Ch. 2,‘What is environmental history? Why environmental history?’is a particularly useful introduction to the field.
33.R. Williams, Keywords: A Vocabulary of Culture and Society,Fontana,, 1987, pp.219-21.
34.I. Simmons, Environmental History: A Concise Introduction,Blackwell,, 1993.
35.C. Merchant, The Columbia Guide to American Environmental History,Columbia University Press,, 2002, has useful material on methods.
36.M. Langton, ‘What do we mean by wilderness? Wilderness and terra nullius in Australian art’, Sydney Papers, Summer, 1996, pp.11-31.
37.The first use of the term in print, according toSorlin andWarde, was inR. Nash, ‘American environmental history: a new teaching frontier’, Pacific Historical Review, vol.41, 1972, pp.362-77. see,Sorlin andWarde, ‘The Problem of the Problem of Environmental History’, p.107.
38.A. Gaynor, ‘Tangled roots, spreading branches’inS. Brown,S. Dovers,J. Frawley,A. Gaynor,H. Goodall,G. Karskens andS. Mullins, ‘Can environmental history save the world?’, History Australia, vol.5, no.1, pp.03.01-03.02, citingNash, ‘American environmental history’.
39.There were, nevertheless, earlier and important phases of‘nature politics’which are part of the longer-term development of environmentalism: see,P. Sutton, Nature, Environment and Society,Palgrave Macmillan,, 2004, p.43. These include the Romantic Movement that evolved alongside industrialisation and is probably best known in its cultural manifestations, particularly the poetry of Wordsworth, but also from philosophical works such asWaldenby pioneering US environmentalistHenry David Thoreau. Of particular interest to labour historians is the impact of socialist and designerWilliam Morris, whose communitarian philosophy emphasising a pride in craft and human dignity consistent with environmentalism: see,P. Hay, A Companion to Environmental Thought,Edinburgh University Press,, 2002, pp.4-18.277.
40.McNeill, ‘Observations on the nature and culture of environmental history’, pp.13-15.McNeill, ‘Observations on the nature and culture of environmental history’, p.12, points out, however, that the journal never adopted the term ‘environmental history’ and for the past three decades has published very little on the topic.
41.Gaynor, ‘Tangled roots, spreading branches’, pp.03.01-03.02.
42.McNeill, ‘Observations on the nature and culture of environmental history’, pp.9-10.
43.Ibid., p.11.
44.Environmental History Network’s website athttp://www.environmentalhistory-au-nz.org/, accessed 7 April 2010;G. Karskens, ‘Saving the cities, saving the world’, inS. Brown,S. Dovers,J. Frawley,A. Gaynor,H. Goodall,G. Karskens andS. Mullins, ‘Can environmental history save the world?’, History Australia, vol.5, no.1, p.03.09;S. Brown, ‘Surveying our past and building our future: an environmental history of an Australian suburb’, Limina: A Journal of Historical and Cultural Studies, vol.13, 2007, pp.23-32.
45.McNeill, ‘Observations on the nature and culture of environmental history’, pp.41-42.
46.General works in this genre that have been published in the past 10 years include:D.J. Hughes, What is Environmental History,Polity Press,, 2006;S. Krech,J. McNeill andC. Merchant(eds), Encylopaedia of World Environmental History, vols.1-3,Routledge,, 2003;J. McNeill, Something New Under the Sun: An Environmental History of the Twentieth Century World,Norton,, 2003;S. Warde andS. Sorlin, Nature’s End: History and the Environment,Macmillan,, 2009.
47.McNeill, ‘Observations on the nature and culture of environmental history’, p.35;Hughes, ‘What is environmental history’, pp.99-101.
48.McNeill, ‘Observations on the nature and culture of environmental history’, p.35.
49.Sorlin andWarde(‘The problem of the problem of environmental history’, pp.107-30., for instance, call for great recognition of human agency.
50.McNeill, ‘Observations on the nature and culture of environmental history’, p.36.
51.J. O’Neill, Ecology, Policy and Politics: Human Well-being and the Natural World,Routledge,, 1993.
52.A. Naess, ‘A defence of the deep ecology movement’, Environmental Ethics, vol.6, 1984, pp.265-70.
53.R. Eckersley, Environmentalism and Political Theory: Towards an Ecocentric Approach,UCL Press,, 1992;D. Pepper, Modern Environmentalism: An Introduction,Routledge,, 1996.
54.H. Goodall, ‘Will environmental history save the world?’, inS. Brown,S. Dovers,J. Frawley,A. Gaynor,H. Goodall, G. KarskensandS. Mullins, ‘Can environmental history save the world?’, History Australia, vol.5, no.1, 2008, pp.03.13-03.16.
55.McNeill, ‘Observations on the nature and culture of environmental history’, p.23.
56.Sorlin andWarde, ‘The problem of the problem of environmental history’, pp.108-12.
57.McNeill, ‘Observations on the nature and culture of environmental history’, pp.22-23.
58.G. Bolton, ‘Spoils and Spoilers’: Australians Make their Environment, 1788-1980,Allen & Unwin,, 1981.
59.Gaynor, ‘Tangled roots, spreading branches’, p.03.01.
60.S. Wyndham, ‘Author Rolls dies aged 84’, Sydney Morning Herald, 2November2007, accessed 7April 2010 athttp://www.smh.com.au/news/books/author-rolls-diesaged-84/2007/11/02/1193619139020.html.
61.For example:S. Beder, Global Spin: The Corporate Assault on Environmentalism,Green Books,, 1997(revised2002);Q. Beresford,H. Bekle,H. Phillips andJ. Mulcock, The Salinity Crisis: Landscapes, Communities and Politics,University of Western Australia Press,, 2001;T. Bonyhady, Places Worth Keeping: Conservationists, Politics and the Law,Allen & Unwin,, 1993;T. Bonyhady, The Colonial Earth,Melbourne University Press, 2000;S. Dovers(ed.)Australian Environmental History: Essays and Cases,OUP,, 1994;S. Dovers(ed.)Environmental History and Policy: Still Settling Australia,OUP,, 2000;T. Griffiths andL. Robin(eds), Ecology andEmpire: Environmental History of Settler Societies,Keele University Press,, 1997;L. Robin, Defending the Little Desert: The Rise of Ecological Consciousness in Australia,Melbourne University Press,, 1998;L. Robin, How a Continent Created a Nation,UNSW Press,, 2007;A. Young, Environmental Change in Australia since 1788, (2nd edn),OUP,, 2000.
62.D. Hutton andL. Connors, A History of the Australian Environment Movement,Cambridge University Press,, 1999;T. Doyle, Green Power: The Environment Movement in Australia,UNSW Press,, 2000; Lines, Patriots.
63.T. Flannery, The Future Eaters: An Ecological History of the Australian Lands and People,Reed Books,, 1994(made into a three-part ABC Television series in 1998);The Weather Makers:The History and Future Impact of Climate Change,Text,, 2005;Now or Never: A Sustainable Future for Australia?, Black Ink, Melbourne, 2009.
64.L. Robin,C. Dickman andM. Martin(eds), Desert Channels: The Impulse to Conserve,CSIRO Publishing,, forthcoming.
65.See, for example,J. Huggins,R. Huggins andJ. Jacobs, ‘Kooramindanjie: place and the postcolonial’, History Workshop Journal, vol.39, 1995, pp.165-81.
66.http://www.environmentalhistory-au-nz.org/.
67.McNeill, ‘Observations on the nature and culture of environmental history’, p.11.
68.See,http://www.h-net.org/~environ/.
69.Both journals published useful ‘state of the field’ issues in 2004. See,Peck, ‘The nature of labor’, n.4, p.233, for a list of articles inEnvironmental Historythat examine the intersections between the labour movement and environmentalism.
70.McNeill, ‘Observations on the nature and culture of environmental history’.
71.Sorlin andWarde, ‘The problem of the problem of environmental history’, p.114, citing Beck’s and Giddens’s work as having ‘potential’ for environmental theorists.
72.McNeill, ‘Observations on the nature and culture of environmental history’, p.37.
73.See, for example,D. della Porta, andD. Rucht, ‘The dynamics of environmental campaigns’, Mobilization, vol, 7, no.1, 2002, pp.1-14.
74.See, for example, the edited collectionA. Dobson andR. Eckersley(eds), Political Theory and the Ecological Challenge,Cambridge University Press,, 2006.
75.V. Norwood, ‘Disturbed landscape/disturbing processes: environmental history for the twenty-first century’, Pacific Historical Review, vol.70, no.1, 2001, p.84.
76.V. Plumwood, ‘Feminism and ecofeminism: beyond the dualistic assumptions of women, men and nature’, The Ecologist, vol.22, no.1, 1992, pp.8-13.
77.H.L. Parsons, Marx and Engels on Ecology,Greenwood Press,, 1977.
78.N. Castree, ‘False antitheses? Marxism, nature and actor-networks’, Antipode, vol.34, no.1, 2006, pp.111-46.
79.B. Commoner, The Closing Circle,Knopf,, 1971.
80.See, for example,T. Benton, ‘Greening the Left? From Marx to world-system theory’, inJ. Petty,A. Ball andT. Benton(eds), The Sage Handbook of Environment and Society,Sage,, 2007, pp.91-106.T. Benton, Natural Relations: Ecology, Animal Rights and Social Justice,Verso,, 1993.
81.R. Constanza,O. Segura andJ. Martinez Alier(eds), Getting Down to Earth: Practical Applications of Ecological Economics,Island Press,, 1996.
82.See, for example,J. O’Connor, Natural Causes: Essays in Ecological Marxism,Guilford,, 1998.
83.The most recent of which isJ. B. Foster, The Ecological Revolution: Making Peace with the Planet,Monthly Review Press,, 2009.
84.Peck, ‘The nature of labor’, p.230.
85.Hay, A Companion to Environmental Thought. See, also,D. Jamieson(ed.), A Companion to Environmental Philosophy,Blackwell,, 2001.
86.Peck, ‘The nature of labor’, p.213.
87.Sutton, ‘Nature, environment and society’, p.13.
88.Ibid, p.19.
89.Taylor, ‘Unnatural inequalities’, p.8.
90.Ibid., p.7.
91.R. White, ‘“Are you an environmentalist or do you work for a living?”: work and nature’, inW. Cronon(ed.), Uncommon Ground; Rethinking the Human Place in Nature,Norton,, 1996, pp.171-85.
92.Ibid., p.185.
93.Ibid., p.184.
94.L. Lipin, Workers and the Wild: Conservation, Consumerism, and Labour in Oregon,1910-1930,University of Illinois Press,, 2007.
95.J. Merritt, The Making of the AWU,Oxford University Press,, 1986.
96.See, for example,P. Sheldon, ‘Job control for workers’ health: the 1908 Sydney rockchoppers’ strike’, Labour History, no.55, November, 1988, pp.39-54.
97.L. Bryson,K. McPhillips andK. Robinson, ‘Turning public issues into private troubles: lead contamination, domestic labour, and the exploitation of women’sunpaid labour in Australia’, inK. King andD. McCarthy(eds), Environmental Sociology: From Analysis to Action,Rowman and Littlefield,, pp.107-19.H. Goodall, ‘Indigenous peoples, colonialism, and memories of environmental injustice’, inS. Washington,P. Rosier andH. Goodall(eds), Echoes from the Poisoned Well: Global Memories of Environmental Injustice,Lexington Books,, 2006, pp.73-96.
98.See, for example,B. Ellem, ‘Contested communities: geo-histories of unionism’, Journal of Organizational Change Management, vol.21, no.4, 2008, pp.433-50. andB. Ellem, ‘Scaling labour: Australian unions and global mining’, Work, Employment and Society, vol.20, no.2, 2006, pp.369-87.
99.See, for example,N. Townsend, ‘A strange, wild set? Cedar-cutters on the Macleay, Nambucca and Bellinger Rivers, 1838 to 1848’, Labour History, no.55, November1988, pp.9-21. andK. Fry, ‘Soldier settlement and the Australian agrarian myth after the First World War’, Labour History, no.48, May1985, pp.29-43.
100.H. Goodall, ‘Telling country: memory, modernity and narratives in rural Australia’, History Workshop Journal, vol.47, 1999, pp.161-90.
101.J. Mundey, Green Bans and Beyond,Angus and Robertson,, 1981;M. Burgmann andV. Burgmann, ‘Green Bans, Red Union’;G. Mallory, ‘Uncharted Waters’. See, also,J. Ajani, The Forest Wars,Melbourne University Press,Carlton, 2007, which covers the involvement of the CFMEU-Forestry Division in the logging blockade of the Keating Government; and Cupper and Hearn,‘Unions and the environment’which examines the 1971 Newport power station dispute, and union opposition to uranium mining from the early 1970s.
102.Karskens, ‘Saving the cities, saving the world’, p.03.10.
103.H. Goodall, andA. Cadzow, Rivers and Resilience: Aboriginal People on Sydney’s Georges River,UNSW Press,, 2009.
104.S.A. Radcliffe,E.E. Watson,I. Simmons,F. Fernandez-Armesto andA. Sluyter, ‘Environmentalist thinking and/in geography’, Progress in Human Geography, vol.34, no.1, 2010, pp.98-116.
105.W. Cronon, ‘Modes of prophecy and production: placing nature in history,’ Journal of American History, vol.76, 1990, p.1131. Some see such political engagement declining, especially in the West, for example,McNeill, ‘Observations on the nature and culture of environmental history’, p.34.
106.Taylor, ‘Unnatural inequalities’, pp.11-15.