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Footnotes

1.Rob Pascoe, The Manufacture of Australian History(:Oxford, 1979), 48. Google Scholar

2.Ann Curthoys, “Labour History and Cultural Studies,” Labour History, no. 67 (1994):14. Google Scholar

3.Eileen Yeo, “Labour History and Culture: A Postscript,” Labour History, no. 79 (2000):117. Google Scholar

4.Yeo, “Labour History and Culture,” 121. Google Scholar

5.Grant Michelson, “Labour History and Culture: An Overview,” Labour History, no. 79 (2000), 1–10. Google Scholar

6.Lucy Taksa, “Toil, Struggle and Repose: Oral History and the Exploration of Labour Culture in Australia,” Labour History, no. 67 (1994):110. Google Scholar

7.See, for instance,Bert Hogenkamp, Workers’ Newsreels in the 1920s and 1930s, Our History Series, no. 68 (:Communist Party of Great Britain, 1997);Bert Hogenkamp, Deadly Parallels: Film and the Left In Britain, 1929–1939(:Lawrence and Wishart, 1986). Google Scholar

8.Russell Campbell, Cinema Strikes Back: Radical Filmmaking in the United States, 1930–1942(:UMI Research Press, 1982);Russell Campbell, “Danger, Militants at Work: Union Struggles in Documentary Film and Video, 1976–85,”inArt and Organised Labour: Images of Working Life and Trade Union Life in New Zealand, ed.Gregory Burke andAnn Calhoun(:Wellington City Art Gallery, 1990), 47–53. Google Scholar

9.Stefan Moitra, “Working-Class Culture and Cinema in Britain and Germany after 1945: A Comparative Study of South Wales and the Ruhr”(PhD Diss,University College London, 2011);Stefan Moitra, “Wo bleibt der Arbeiterfilm?” Die Auseinandersetzung der IG Bergbau und Energie mit dem Medium Film in den 1950er und1960er Jahren(:Klartext Verlag, 2004);Stefan Moitra, “‘Reality is There, but it’s Manipulated’: West German Trade Unions and Film after 1945,”inFilms that Work: Industrial Film and the Productivity of Media, ed.Vinzenz Hediger andPatrick Vonderau(:Amsterdam University Press, 2009), 329–48. Google Scholar

10.Steven J. Ross, “Struggles for the Screen: Workers, Radicals, and the Political Uses of Silent Film,” The American Historical Review 96(1991):333–67;Steven J. Ross, “American Workers, American Movies,” International Labor and Working-Class History 59(2001):81–105. Google Scholar

11.Graham Shirley, “Into the Void, 1951–64,”inAustralian Cinema: The First Eighty Years,Graham Shirley andBrian Adams(:Angus and Robertson, 1983), 185;Sylvia Lawson, “Towards Decolonization: Film History in Australia,”inNellie Melba, Ginger Meggs and Friends: Essays in Australian Cultural History, ed.Susan Dermody,John Docker andDrusilla Modjeska(:Kibble, 1982), 21;Andrew Pike, “The Past: Boom and Bust,”inThe New Australian Cinema, ed.Scott Murray(:Nelson, 1980), 11. Google Scholar

12.Albert Moran, “Australian Documentary Cinema,” Arena 64(1983):83. Google Scholar

13.Tom O’Regan, “Australian Film in the 1950s,” Continuum 1(1987):1. Google Scholar

14.Graham Shirley, interview with author, 9 September1997. Google Scholar

15.Michelson, “Labour History and Culture,” 6. Google Scholar

16.Graham Shirley andBrian Adams, Australian Cinema: The First Eighty Years(:Angus and Robertson, 1989), 195–96;Albert Moran, “Documentary Consensus: The Commonwealth Film Unit: 1954–1964,” History on/and/in Film: Proceedings of the Third History and Film Conference, ed.Tom O’Regan andBrian Shoesmith(:History and Film Association of Australia WA, 1987), 99;Albert Moran, Projecting Australia: Government Film Since 1945(:Currency, 1991), 68;Margot Beasley, Wharfies: The History of the Waterside Workers’ Federation(:Halstead/Australian National Maritime Museum, 1996), 162;Rayma Watkinson, “Labour Movement Theatre and Film in NSW in the 1950s: A Study of New Theatre, Maritime Industries Theatre and the Waterside Workers’ Federation Film Unit”(BA Hons diss.,University of NSW, 1993). Google Scholar

17.Cathy Brigden, “Representations of Labour: Images of Work and Workers in Film”(paper presented at the 22nd Conference of the Association of Industrial Relations Academics of Australia and New Zealand, Melbourne, 2008);Lisa Milner, “Framing the Unions: The Changing Images of Unionists on Screen,”inLabour History and its People: Papers from the Twelfth National Labour History Conference, ed.Melanie Nolan(:Australian Society for the Study of Labour History, 2011), 204–13;Lisa Milner, “Screening Unions: Representations of Worker-Citizenship in Australian Films,” The International Journal of the Arts in Society 6(2011), 139–50;Cathy Brigden andLisa Milner, “How to Close a Bed: Unionist-Produced Films and Australian Nurses’ Self-Identity” (paper presented at Union Futures: Innovations, Transformations, Strategies Conference, Montreal, Canada, 2012);Lisa Milner andCathy Brigden, “From Martyr to Robo-Nurse: Remembering Nurses on Screens”(paper presented at 16th Biennial Conference of the Film and History Association of Australia and NZ, Melbourne, 2012);Lisa Milner andCathy Brigden, “No Strikes, Please, You’re Nurses: The Framing of the Industrial Lives of Australian Nurses”(paper presented at 6th Art of Management and Organization Conference,University of York,, 2012);Cathy Brigden andLisa Milner, “Roll out the Red Carpet: Australian Nurses on Screen,” WorkingUSA 16, no. 4(2013):505–23. Google Scholar

18.Eric Lee, “How the Internet is Changing Unions,” WorkingUSA 4, no. 2(2000):61. Google Scholar

19.Arthur Shostak, CyberUnion: Empowering Labor through Computer Technology(:M. E. Sharpe, 1999). Google Scholar

20.Richard Freeman, “From the Webbs to the Web: The Contribution of the Internet to Reviving Union Fortunes,”inTrade Unions: Resurgence or Demise? The Future of Trade Unions in Britain, ed.Sue Fernie andDavid Metcalf(:Routledge, 2005), 182. Google Scholar

21.Peter Sawchuk, “Labor Education and Labor Art: The Hidden Potential of Knowing for the Left Hand,” Labor Studies Journal 31(2006):49–68;Wayne Diamond andRichard Freeman, “Will Unionism Prosper in Cyberspace? The Promise of the Internet for Employee Organization,” British Journal of Industrial Relations 40(2002):569–96. Google Scholar

22.Bruce Robinson, “Solidarity across Cyberspace: Internet Campaigning, Labour Activism and the Remaking of Trade Union Internationalism,” Work Organisation, Labour and Globalisation 2(2008):152–64;Stephen Ward andWainer Lusoli, “Dinosaurs in Cyberspace? British Trade Unions and the Internet,” European Journal of Communication 18(2003):147–79;Lucio Miguel Martínez, “New Communication Systems and Trade Union Politics: A Case Study of Spanish Trade Unions and the Role of the Internet,” Industrial Relations Journal 34(2003):334–47. Google Scholar

23.Sandra Cockfield, “Union Renewal, Union Strategy and Technology,” Critical Perspectives on International Business 1(2005):93–108;Janis Bailey andDi McAtee, “The Politics and Poetics of Union Transgression: The Role of Visual Methods in Analyzing Union Protest Strategy,” Social Analysis 47(2003):27–45;Kathie Muir, “Sky Channel and the Battle for Australians’ Hearts and Minds: The ACTU’s use of Media in the ‘Rights at Work’ Campaign” (paper presented at the Australian and New Zealand Communication Association International Conference, 2006). Google Scholar

24.Lisa Milner, “Strikes Online: Union Films on YouTube,” Social Alternatives 31(2012):11–16. Google Scholar

25.Andrew Reeves, Tapestry of Australia: The Sydney Wharfies Mural(:Waterside Workers Federation, 1992), 10. Google Scholar

26.Lisa Milner, Fighting Films: A History of the Waterside Workers’ Federation Film Unit(Pluto Press, 2003). Google Scholar

27.Phillip Bell, ABC News, the 7:30 Report and the “Waterfront Dispute(s)” April–May 1998(:Media and Communications Unit, University of New South Wales, 1998);Shaun Wilson, “Union Mobilisation and the 1998 Maritime Dispute,” Journal of Australian Political Economy 41(1998):36–59;Michael Warby andKate Morrison, “ABC-TV News and the 1998 Waterfront Dispute: Reporting or Barracking?” IPA Backgrounder 11(1999):1–16;John Rice, “Communications through the Old and the New Media: Options for the Union Movement,” Current Research in Industrial Relations 1(1999):207;Helen Trinca andAnne Davies, Waterfront(:Double Day, 2000);Chris McConville, “The Australian Waterfront Dispute 1998,” Politics and Society 28(2000):393–412;Andrew Vandenberg, “Reappraising the Waterfront Dispute of 1998,” Southern Review 34(2001):22–40;John Selsky,André Spicer, andJulian Teicher, “‘Totally Un-Australian!’: Discursive and Institutional Interplay in the Melbourne Port Dispute of 1997–98,” Journal of Management Studies 40(2003):1729–60;Lisa Milner andRebecca Coyle, “Bastardising the Waterfront Dispute: Production and Critical Reception of theBastard BoysMini-Series,” Communication, Politics and Culture 43(2010):143–64. Google Scholar

28.Gerard Griffin andStuart Svensen, “Industrial Relations Implications of the Australian Waterside Dispute,” Australian Bulletin of Labour 3(1998):205;John Coombs, interview with Caroline Smith, inCaroline Smith, “Internationalising Industrial Disputes: The Case of the Maritime Union of Australia,” Employee Relations 32(2010):557–73. Google Scholar

29.McConville, “The Australian Waterfront Dispute 1998,” 394. Google Scholar

30.Lisa Milner, Fighting Films. Google Scholar

31.Zoe Reynolds, MUA National Officers’ Report, 2004, internal MUA document. Google Scholar

32.Zoe Reynolds, “MUA Idol Winners Head for LA,” MWJ: The Maritime Workers Journal(31 March2005). Google Scholar

33.Ibid. Google Scholar

34.Marni Cordell andSam de Silva, “New Mediations,” Media International Australia 103(2002):88. Google Scholar

35.Jamie McMechan, interview with author, 27 July2010. Google Scholar

36.Lynne Ridge, interview with author, 5 July2012. Google Scholar

37.Brett Holmes, “Nurses Hit the Big Screen,” The Lamp(June2009):5. Google Scholar

38.“NSWNA Nurses Short Film Festival: Nurses Tell Their Stories,” The Lamp(June2009):12. At this time the union was called the NSW Nurses Association (NSWNA). Google Scholar

39.“Nurses Focus on 2013 Film Festival,” The Lamp(March2012):40. Google Scholar

40. “NSWNA Nurses Short Film Festival,” 12. Google Scholar

41.Carolyn Guichard, interview with author, 17 January2012. Google Scholar

42.Lynne Ridge, interview with author, 6 July2012. Google Scholar

43.Carolyn Guichard, Nurses Strike Train, YouTube video, 4:00, posted by NSW Nurses, 19 May 2011, accessed September 2014,https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=W7SkA4WM_ms. Google Scholar

44.Ibid. Google Scholar

45.Diamond andFreeman, “Will Unionism Prosper in Cyberspace,” 570. Google Scholar

46.Sandra Cockfield, “Union Renewal, Union Strategy and Technology,” Critical Perspectives on International Business 1(2005):93–108;William Puette, “Picketting Cyberspace,”inThe CyberUnion Handbook: Transforming Labor through Computer Technology, ed.A. B. Shostak(:M. E. Sharpe, 2002), 251–54;Miguel Martínez Lucio andSteve Walker, “The Networked Union? The Internet as a Challenge to Trade Union Identity and Roles,” Critical Perspectives on International Business 1(2005):137–54. Google Scholar

47.Cockfield, “Union Renewal.” Google Scholar

48.Alan McKee, “YouTube versus the National Film and Sound Archive: Which is the More Useful Resource for Historians of Australian Television?” Television and New Media 12(2011):154–73. Google Scholar

49.Jamie McMechan, interview with author, 27 July2010. Google Scholar

50.Christina Cregan,Timothy Bartram andPauline Stanton, “Union Organizing as a Mobilizing Strategy: The Impact of Social Identity and Transformational Leadership on the Collectivism of Union Members,” British Journal of Industrial Relations 47(2009):701–22;Steven Blader, “What Leads Organizational Members to Collectivize? Injustice and Identification as Precursors of Union Certification,” Organization Science 18(2007):108–26. Google Scholar

51.Arthur Shostak, Robust Unionism: Innovations in the Labor Movement(:M. E. Sharpe, 1991), 101. Google Scholar

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53.Janis Bailey,Robin Price,Lin Esders andPaula McDonald, “Daggy Shirts, Daggy Slogans? Marketing Unions to Young People,” Journal of Industrial Relations 51(2009):57. Google Scholar

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55.Grant Michelson, “Labour History and Culture,” 1. Google Scholar

56.Sandra Cockfield,Al Rainnie,Donna Buttigieg, andMarjorie Jerrard, “Community Unionism and Union Renewal,” Labor Studies Journal 34(2009):466. Google Scholar

57.Lee, “How the Internet is Changing Unions,” 90. Google Scholar

58.Janis Bailey,Robin Price, andLinda Esders, “Marketing Unions to Young People: Recruiting and Rusting On,”inLabour, Capital and Change: Proceedings of the 23rd Conference of the Association of Industrial Relations Academics of Australia and New Zealand, ed.John Lewer,Shaun Ryan andJohanna Macneil(:University of Newcastle, 2009), 6. Google Scholar

59.Rice, “Communications through the Old and the New Media,” 209. Google Scholar

60.Sawchuk, “Labor Education and Labor Art,” 58. Google Scholar