Labour History

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Endnotes

3.David Plowman, ‘Forced march: The employers and arbitration’, inStuart Macintyre andRichard Mitchell(eds), Foundations of Arbitration: The Origins and Effects of State Compulsory Arbitration 1890-1914,Oxford University Press,, 1989. Google Scholar

4.For welfare capitalism seeSanford M. Jacoby, Modern Manors: Welfare Capitalism since the New Deal,Princeton University Press,, 1997. See also hisEmploying Bureaucracy: Managers, Unions, and the Transformation of Work in American Industry, 1900-1945,Columbia University Press,, 1985;Stuart D. Brandes, American Welfare Capitalism, 1880-1940,University of Chicago Press,, 1970; andDaniel Nelson, Managers and Workers: Origins of the Twentieth Century Factory System in the United States, 1880-1920,University of Wisconsin Press,, 1995. Google Scholar

5.Jacoby, Modern Manors, pp.11-20. Google Scholar

6.Jacoby, Employing Bureaucracypp.49-52. Google Scholar

7.Francis Castles, Working Class and Welfare: Reflections on the Political Development of the Welfare State in Australia and New Zealand, 1890-1980,Allen and Unwin, Wellington,, 1985. Google Scholar

8.The best published account of early state intervention in the Australian labour market isMacIntyre andMitchell, Foundations of Arbitration. For Victoria’s system of wages boards seeP.R. Davey, Wages Boards in Victoria 1896-1920, unpublishedPhD thesis,University of Melbourne, 1975. Google Scholar

9.Christopher Wright, The Management of Labour: A History of Australian Employers,Cambridge University Press,, 1995, pp.22. Google Scholar

10.Ibid.p.23. Google Scholar

11.Gail Reekie, ‘“Humanising industry”: Paternalism, welfarism and labour control in Sydney’s big stores, 1890-1930’, Labour History, no.53, November1987, pp.1-19.Nikola Balnave, ‘Companysponsored recreation in Australia: 1890-1965’, Labour History, no.85, November2003, pp.129-51. Google Scholar

12.Erik Eklund, “‘Intelligently directed welfare work?”: Labour management strategies in local context: Port Pirie, 1915-29’, Labour History, no.76, May1999, pp.125-48.Charlie Fox, ‘Work and welfare at Mt Lyell 1913-1923’, Journal of Australasian Mining History, vol.1, no.1, September2003, pp51-78. Google Scholar

13.Erik Eklund ‘Managers, workers, and industrial welfarism: Management strategies at ER&S and the Sulphide Corporation, 1895-1929’, Australian Economic History Review, vol.37, no.2, July1997, pp.137-57. For Risdon, seeAlison Alexander, The Zinc Works: Producing Zinc at Risdon, 1916-1991,Pasminco Metals,, 1992, especially pp.12-19. Google Scholar

14.G. Patmore, ‘Arbitration and bureaucracy: The New South Wales Railway Commissioners, 1892-1914’, Journal of Industrial Relations, vol.30, no.4, 1980, pp.566-82, especially p. 568. Google Scholar

15.A.G. Lowndes(ed.), South Pacific Enterprise: The Colonial Sugar Refining Company Limited,Angus andRobertson,, 1956, p.43. Google Scholar

16.J.F. Richardson to the Select Committee of the Legislative Council on the Shops and Factories Act 1890, Minutes of Proceedings of the Legislative Council, Session1895-96, Paper D.4, Q. 1793. Google Scholar

17.This account of sugar refining is taken from theEncyclopaedia Britannica, 9th edn, C. Scribner’s sons, New York, 1878-89. For continuous operation and problems with shut downs, seeLowndes, South Pacific Enterprise, p.179; and the evidence of Richardson to the Select Committee, Paper D.4, QQ. 1791, 1792 and 1793. These problems also figured frequently in company correspondence; see for example Symonds to Knox, 22 November 1907, NBAC, CSR, 142/410. Joseph Frederic Richardson (1837-1901) had been company secretary since 1858, a position he still occupied at his death in 1901:Argus, 14March1901, p.6;16March1901, p.16. Herbert Henry Symonds had entered CSR’s service around 1882, and was Melbourne manager from about 1903 until 1923. Google Scholar

19.For the growth of Footscray, seeJohn Lack, A History of Footscray,Hargreen,, 1991, especially pp.163-68, 183-86. This analysis in based on the municipal rate books of Footscray and the older inner working-class suburbs of Collingwood and South Melbourne. The Australian census did not give occupational tables for local government areas in 1901 and 1911. Google Scholar

20.Lack, A History of Footscray, pp172, 176-178. Google Scholar

21.Martha Rutledge, ‘Edward William Knox (1847-1933)’, Australian Dictionary of Biography, Volume 9,Melbourne University Press,, 1983, pp.626-28. Google Scholar

33.George Argo Turner had worked closely with Knox since entering CSR’s service at Fiji in 1882. An Edinburgh-trained engineer, Turner had built refineries in the Hawaiian Islands before he began constructing CSR plants in Fiji, northern New South Wales, Queensland and New Zealand. He was appointed engineer at Yarraville in 1888, and manager in 1890. SeeThe Scientific Australian, 20June1907. Knox to Turner, 11 April 1905, NBAC, CSR, 142/167. Google Scholar

39.Sugar Workers Union Minutes, 17 January, 31 January, 14 March, 11 April, 9 and 23 May, 18 July, 12 August, 12 September, 5 December 1911, and 2 January 1912, MUA; Wages Board File, 20 December 1911, VPRS, 5466/186. See alsoAge and Argus, 21December1911. Google Scholar

41.Symonds to Knox, 3 January 1912, NBAC, CSR, 142/192, and 12 June 1912, NBAC, CSR, 142/418. Symonds to Chief Inspector of Factories, 3 July 1912, VPRS, 5466/186. Symonds to Knox, 4, 6, 7, 9 and 20 September 1912, NBAC, CSR, 142/419, and 17 September 1912, NBAC, CSR, 142/420. For the housing scheme, see‘Royal Commission on the Housing Conditions of the People of the Metropolis and in the Populous Centres of the State’, Victorian Parliamentary Papers, 1917, vol.2, pp.174-77. Google Scholar

45. Commonwealth Arbitration Report, vol.9, 1915, pp.185-86; andArgus, 24October1916. Google Scholar

47.For a narrative of the strike, seeDan Coward, ‘Crime and punishment: The Great Strike in August to October 1917’inJ. Iremonger,J. Merritt andG. Osborne(eds), Strikes: Studies in Twentieth Century Australian Social History,Angus and Robertson,, 1973. For a recent account of attempts to introduce scientific management at the workshops, seeL. Taksa, ‘“All a matter of timing”: Managerial innovation and workplace culture in the New South Wales railways and tramways prior to 1921’, Australian Historical Studies, vol.29, no.110, 1998, pp.1-26. Google Scholar

48.Argus, 18 August 1917. For the impact of the strike in Victoria, seeRobert Bollard, ‘“The active chorus”: The Great Strike of 1917 in Victoria’, Labour History, no.90, May2006, pp.77-94. Google Scholar

50.Symonds to Knox, 29 August 1917, NBAC, CSR, 142/204/995.Argus, 29 August 1917. Google Scholar

52.See alsoLack, A History of Footscray, pp.221-27. Google Scholar

55.Ibid. Google Scholar

60.Address to shareholders, 30 October 1917, Australasian Insurance and Banking Record, 21November1917, p.961. Google Scholar

62. ArgusandAge, 30July1919. Google Scholar