Footnotes

*The author would like to thank the two anonymous referees ofLabour Historywho reviewed this paper. Google Scholar

1. Digest of Decisions and Announcements and Important Speeches by the Prime Minister 13(December 24, 1941-January 3, 1942):9. Google Scholar

2.S. J. Butlin and C. B. Schedvin, War Economy 1942-1945(:Australian War Memorial, 1977), 342, 582. Google Scholar

3. Digest of Decisions and Announcements 39(August, 30-September 3, 1942):20. Google Scholar

4.H. C. Coombs, “The Economic Implications of Rationing,”[1942], quoted in Tim Rowse, Nugget Coombs: A Reforming Life(Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2002), 97. Google Scholar

5.Theodore A. Wilson, The First Summit: Roosevelt and Churchill at Placentia Bay, 1941, rev. ed.(:University Press of Kansas, 1991), 177–80. Google Scholar

6. Commonwealth Parliamentary Debates 168(August 20, 1941):9. Google Scholar

7.Paul Hasluck, The Government and the People 1939-1942(:Australian War Memorial, 1952), 145–48; Melanie Oppenheimer, All Work, No Pay: Australian Civilian Volunteers in War(Riverswood, NSW: Ohio Productions, 2002), ch. 6. Google Scholar

8.Hasluck, The Government and the People 1939-1941, 399;S. J. Butlin, War Economy 1939-1942(:Australian War Memorial, 1961), 491. Google Scholar

9.Patrick Weller, ed., Caucus Minutes, 1901-1949: Volume 3, 1932-1949(:Melbourne University Press, 1975), 237–48; Hasluck, The Government and the People, 267-73, 288-89. Google Scholar

10.Harold Holt, Press Statement, 23 December 1940, A9816, 1943/759 PART 1, National Archives of Australia (NAA); Harold Holt, “Co-ordination of Reconstruction Planning,” 7 February1941, A9816, 1943/550, NAA. Google Scholar

11.E. R. Walker, “Proposed Activities of the Reconstruction Division,” 3 January 1941, and “Programme of Work: Reconstruction Division,” 28 February 1941, A9816, 1943/929, NAA. Google Scholar

13.Allan Dalziel, Evatt, the Enigma(:Landsdowne, 1967), 38. Google Scholar

16.“Miss Eldershaw to Direct Work for Women,”Canberra Times, June 3, 1943. Google Scholar

17.G. C. Firth, “Confidential Notes on Personnel,” December1942, M448/1, NAA. Google Scholar

18. Firth’s diary gives a rich description of this way of life; Firth Diary, Firth Papers, Acc. 01/273,National Library of Australia (NLA). Google Scholar

19.Flora Eldershaw, “Memorandum on the Part Which Women Can Take in Reconstruction,”17 May1941, A9816, 1943/403, NAA. Google Scholar

20.P. W. E. Curtin to Eldershaw, 26 June 1941, ibid. Google Scholar

21.Eldershaw, report on activity [July 1942], ibid. Google Scholar

22.Wray Vamplew, ed., Australians: Historical Statistics(:Fairfax, Syme & Weldon Associates, 1987), 414. Google Scholar

23.Butlin and Schedvin, War Economy, 41. Google Scholar

24. Digest of Decisions and Announcements, 11(December 8-16, 1941):13. Google Scholar

25.Edna Ryan and Anne Conlon, Gentle Invaders: Australian Women at Work(:Nelson, 1975), ch. 5; Constance Larmour, “Women’s Wages and the WEB,” inWomen at Work, ed. Ann Curthoys, Susan Eade and Peter Spearritt (Canberra: Australian Society for the Study of Labour History, 1975), 47-58; Lynne Beaton, “The Importance of Paid Labour: Women at Work in World War II,” inWorth Her Salt: Women at Work in Australia, ed. Margaret Bevege, Margaret James and Carmel Shute (Hale & Iremonger, Sydney, 1982), 84–98. Google Scholar

26.Lynne Davis, “Minding Children or Minding Machines: Women’s Labour and Child Care During World War II,” Labour History, 53(November1987):86–98; Maria de Groot, “Turning Full Circle: Women War Workers in Industry During the Second World War, 1939-1945” (MA thesis, Australian Defence Force Academy, 1986), ch. 6. See also the pioneering survey by Helen Crisp, “Women in Munitions,”Australian Quarterly13, no. 3 (September 1941): 71-76. Google Scholar

27.See the speech of Menzies on his motion to disallow the regulation that established the WEB;Commonwealth Parliamentary Debates 171(May 20, 1942):1432–36. Google Scholar

28.Joan Curlewis et al., Women and Wages in the War Years 1940-1945(:Union of Australian Women, 1982); Joan Curlewis, “Women Workers in Heavy Industry in World War II,” inAll Her Labours, vol. 1, Working it Out(Sydney: Hale & Iremonger, 1984), 97-108. Google Scholar

29.Penelope Johnson, “Gender, Class and Work: The Council of Action for Equal Pay and the Equal Pay Campaign in Australia During World War II,” Labour History, no. 50 (May1986):132–46; Davis, “Minding Children”. Google Scholar

30.Gail Reekie, “Women’s Response to War Work in Western Australia 1942-1946,” Studies in Western Australian History 7(December1983):46–67; Gail Reekie, “Industrial Action by Women Workers in Western Australia During World War II,”Labour History, no. 49 (November 1985): 75-82. For the powers of the Manpower Directorate, see Wallace C. Wurth, Control of Manpower in Australia: A General Review of the Administration of the Manpower Directorate, February 1942-September 1944(Sydney: Director-General of Manpower, Canberra, 1944); Ivy Margaret Baker, “Wallace Charles Wurth and the Manpower Directorate” (MA thesis, Monash University, 1980). Google Scholar

31.Reekie, “Industrial Action by Women Workers,” 58–62. Google Scholar

32.See statement by Minister for Labour, 13 May 1947, Digest of Decisions and Announcements 126(April 21-May 23, 1947):31–32. Google Scholar

33.Kay Saunders and Helen Taylor, “‘To Combat the Plague’: The Construction of Moral Alarm and State Intervention in Queensland during World War II,” Hecate 14, no. 1(May1988); and Kay Saunders, War on the Homefront: State Intervention in Queensland 1938-1948(St Lucia: University of Queensland Press, 1993), 81-105; Michael Sturma, “Public Health and Sexual Morality: Venereal Disease in World War II Australia,”Signs13 (Summer 1988): 725-40. Google Scholar

34.Gail Reekie, “War, Sexuality and Feminism: Perth Women’s Organisations, 1938-1945,” Historical Studies 21, no. 85(October1985):576–91;Susan Lemar, “‘Sexually Cursed, Mentally Weak and Socially Untouchable’: Women and Venereal Disease in World War Two Adelaide,” Journal of Australian Studies 79(2003):163–74. Google Scholar

35.Marilyn Lake, “Female Desires: The Meaning of World War II,” Australian Historical Studies 24, no. 95(October1990):267–84, reprinted inGender and War: Australians at War in the Twentieth Century, ed. Joy Damousi and Marilyn Lake (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995), 60-80; Marilyn Lake, “The Desire For a Yank: Sexual Relations Between Australian Women and American Servicemen During World War II,”Journal of the History of Sexuality2, no. 4 (April 1992): 621-33; Lisa Featherstone, “Sexy Mamas: Women, Sexuality and Reproduction in Australia in the 1940s,”Australian Historical Studies36, no. 126 (October 2005): 234-52. Google Scholar

36.Arthur Tange, interviewed by J. D. B. Miller, 1-23 April1981, TRC 1023, NLA; and see his memo to Coombs, 8 February 1942, Crisp Papers, MS 5243/12/2, NLA. Google Scholar

37. Digest of Decisions and Announcements 43(September 17-28, 1942):19. Google Scholar

38. Convention of Representatives of the Commonwealth and State Parliaments on Proposed Alteration to the Commonwealth Constitution, Canberra, 24th November to 2nd December: Record of Proceedings(:Government Printer, 1942), 12. Google Scholar

42.Rodgers, interviewed by Mel Pratt, April 1971, TRC 121/14, NLA; see alsoDiane Langmore, Prime Ministers’ Wives: The Public and Private Lives of Ten Australian Women(:McPhee Gribble, 1992), 115–45. Google Scholar

43.“Meeting Mrs Roosevelt,” Australian Women’s Weekly, September 11, 1943. Google Scholar

44.Canberra Times, September 4, 1943;Melbourne Argus, September 7, 1943. Google Scholar

46.Ibid., 27 November 1942. Google Scholar

47.The account given byLloyd Ross of Curtin’s pessimism during the referendum inJohn Curtin: A Biography(:Macmillan, 1977), 365, is amplified by Harold Cox’s notes for Keith Murdoch on confidential briefings, 10 July, 24 August, 1944, MS 4554, NLA. Google Scholar

48.“War Co-operation Praised: Dr Evatt’s Speech,” Sydney Morning Herald, August 5, 1943. Google Scholar

50.“Women Hold Conference,” Sydney Morning Herald, November 20, 1943. Google Scholar

51. Commonwealth Parliamentary Debates 170(May 6, 1942):966. Google Scholar

53.Louise Gordon, “Home Planning for the Future,” Woman, June 21, 1943. Google Scholar

55.Carolyn Allport, “Left Off the Agenda: Women, Reconstruction and New Order Housing,” Labour History, no. 46 (May1984):20; Carolyn Allport, “The Unrealised Promise: Plans for Sydney Housing in the Forties,” inTwentieth-Century Sydney: Studies in Urban and Social History, ed. Jill Roe (Sydney: Hale & Iremonger, 1980), 48-68; Carolyn Allport, “The Princess in the Castle: Women and the New Order Housing,” inAll Her Labours, vol. 2, Embroidering the Framework(Sydney: Hale & Iremonger, 1984), 129-68. Google Scholar

56.Rowse, Nugget Coombs, 73. Google Scholar

57.Ibid., 94–98. Google Scholar

61.Coombs to J. L. Cumpston, 25 March1944, Population: Proposed Enquiry, A9816, 1944/165, NAA. Google Scholar

62.W. D. Borrie, “Memorandum Concerning the Proposed Enquiry into the Birth Rate,” March1944, ibid.. Google Scholar

63.Report sent from Coombs to J. L. Cumpston on “The Declining Birth Rate,” 4 October 1944, ibid.;and paper by S. R. Carver, Roland Wilson and H. C. Coombs on “Decline in Birth Rate and Future of the Population,” attached to the NHMRC’s “Interim Report on Medical Aspects of the Decline of the Birth Rate,” A9816, 1945/43, NAA. Google Scholar

66.Ann Firth, “The Breadwinner, His Wife and Their Welfare: Identity, Experience and Economic Security in Australian Post-War Reconstruction,” Australian Journal of Politics and History 50, no. 4(2004):491–508. Google Scholar

67.Rowse, Nugget Coombs, 103, his emphasis. Google Scholar

69.Murray Goot, “‘The Obvious and Logical Way to Ascertain the Public’s Attitude Towards a Problem’: Roy Morgan and the Australian Gallup Poll 1941-1973,”inThe Early Days of Survey Research and Their Importance Today, ed.Hannes Haas, Hynek Jerabek and Thomas Petersen(:Braumüller, 2012), 159–77. Google Scholar

70.Australian Gallup Polls, no. 20, October 1943 and nos 186-94, April 1944, in A9816, 1943/11, NAA. Google Scholar

71.Hedley Cantril, ed., Public Opinion 1935-1946(:Princeton University Press, 1951), 816. Google Scholar

72.Ibid., 740–41. Google Scholar

73.Ibid., 1053. Google Scholar

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