Endnotes

1.Miners’ Complaint: The Primary Cause, How it May be Combated: A Reprint of Articles Published in theBendigo Advertiserin February and March 1903, Bendigo Advertiser, Bendigo, 1903, p. 3; ‘Report of the Royal Commission on Gold Mining’, Papers Presented to Parliament(hereafterPPP) Session 1891, Legislative Assembly, Victoria, vol. 5, report no. 151, pp. 561, 668-69; New South Wales Board of Trade, Interim Report of the NSW Board of Trade on the Prevalence of Miners’ Phthisis and Pneumoconiosis in Certain Industries, vol.1, Government Printer, Sydney, 1919, p. 128; Gillian Burke and Peter Richardson, ‘The profits of death: A comparative study of miners’ phthisis in Cornwall and the Transvaal, 1876-1918’, Journal of Southern African Studies, vol. 4, no. 2, 1978, p. 150; Alan Derickson, ‘Industrial refugees: The migration of silicotics from the mines of North America and South Africa in the early 20thcentury’, Labor History, vol.29, no.1, Winter1988, pp.66-89;R. Dumett, ‘Disease and mortality among gold miners of Ghana: Colonial government and mining company attitudes and policies, 1900-1938’, Social Science and Medicine, vol.37, issue2, 1993, p.213. Google Scholar

2.For example seePeter Sheldon, ‘Job control for workers’ health: The 1908 Sydney rockchoppers’ strike’, Labour History, no.55, November1988, pp.39-54;Peter Sheldon, ‘Silicosis, mechanisation and the demise of Sydney’s rockchoppers’ union, 1908-18’, Labour History, no.97, November2009, pp.13-35;Dumett, ‘Disease and mortality among gold miners of Ghana’, pp.213-32;Jock McCulloch, ‘Hiding a pandemic: Dr G.W.H. Schepers and the politics of silicosis in South Africa’, Journal of Southern African Studies, vol.35, issue4, December2009, pp.835-48;Jock McCulloch, ‘Counting the cost: Gold mining and occupational disease in contemporary South Africa’, African Affairs, vol.108, issue431, 2009, pp.221-40. Google Scholar

3.Yolande Collins andSandra Kippen, ‘“A social disease with medical aspects”: Miners’ phthisis and the politics of occupational health in Bendigo, 1889-1910’, Journal of Australasian Mining History, vol.6, September2008, p.70. Google Scholar

4.Michael Quinlan,Claire Mayhew, andRichard Johnstone, ‘Trucking tragedies: The hidden disaster of mass death in the long-haul road transport industry’, inEric Tucker(ed.), Working Disasters: The Politics of Recognition and Response,Baywood Publishing Company,, 2006, p.20. Google Scholar

5.Martin Cherniak, The Hawk’s Nest Incident: America’s Worst Industrial Disaster,Yale University Press,, 1986. Also seeDavid Rosner andGerald Markowitz, Deadly Dust: Silicosis and the Politics of Occupational Disease in Twentieth-Century America,Princeton University Press,, 1991;Elaine Katz, The White Death: Silicosis on the Witwatersrand Gold Mines: 1886-1910,,Johannesburg, 1994. Google Scholar

6.Eric Tucker, ‘Introduction’, inTucker, Working Disasters, pp.8-9. Google Scholar

7.For a similar state response in Cornwall, seeBurke andRichardson ‘The profits of death’. Google Scholar

8.Parliament of Victoria, People in Parliament (Former Members),http://www.parliament.vic.gov.au/– accessed 8 July 2011. There were 23 Premiers, however, three men served twice and one served four times, hence, 19 men served as Premiers. There were 23 Ministers for Mines, however, four men served twice, hence, 19 men served as Ministers. Google Scholar

9.‘Bendigo and district’, Argus, 14October1907, p.8. Google Scholar

10.Collins andKippen, ‘A social disease with medical aspects’, p.85. Google Scholar

11.‘Annual report of the Secretary for Mines and Water Supply, for the year 1904’, PPP, 1905,Legislative Assembly,, vol.3, part 1, report no. 18, p.11. Google Scholar

12.‘Progress report on the Royal Commission on Gold Mining’, PPP, Session 1891,Legislative Assembly,, vol.3, report no. 2, pp.6-7;Mining Surveyors and Registrars Report for the Quarter ending 31 December 1888,Government Printer,, 1888. In 1880, 38,568 miners were employed and mining plant was valued at £1,831,658; in 1889, 24,047 miners were employed, while mining plant was valued at £1,584,300.Reports of the Mining Surveyors and Registrars for the Quarter ending 31 December 1880,Government Printer,;Gold Fields of Victoria: Reports of the Mining Registrars for the Quarter ending 31 December 1889,Government Printer,. Google Scholar

14.Ralph W. Birrell, Rockdrills, Phthisis and Clean Air,Australian Mining History Monographs,, 2002, p.9;‘Report of the Mines Ventilation Board’, PPP, 1888,, vol.2, part 1, report no. 82, p.729;‘Mines ventilation’, Argus, 9July1901, p.7. Google Scholar

15.Katz, The White Death, p.125;‘Ballarat’, Argus, 11August1888, p.14. Google Scholar

16.See for instance,‘Inspection of mines’, Argus, 24May1860, p.5;Argus, 21June1860, p.5;‘Inspection of mines’, Argus, 17January1861, p.1. Carpenter was a mining engineer from Bendigo. Google Scholar

17.‘Ballarat’, Argus, 26January1870, p.5;‘Mining strike at Stawell’, Argus, 24October1873, p.5;Argus, 21May1872, p.5. Google Scholar

18.‘Regulation and inspection of mines’, Argus, 17October1873, p.6. Google Scholar

19.E.S. Proctor, ‘The health of the Cornish tin miner 1840-1914’, Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine, vol.92, November1999, p.597;Katz, The White Death, p.591. Google Scholar

20.‘The Mining Accidents Prevention Bill’, Argus, 3November, 1873, p.5;‘Legislative Assembly’, Argus, 12November1873, p.9;‘Legislative Assembly’, Argus, 12September1900, p.7;‘Mine ventilation: Report of the Mines Ventilation Bonus Board’, PPP, 1900,Legislative Assembly,, vol.2, report no. 12, p.8;B. Stewart Cowen, ‘Tuberculosis in a mining community’, Intercolonial Medical Journal, 20September1902, pp.432-38;Walter Summons, Reports of an Investigation at Bendigo into the Prevalence, Nature, Causes and Prevention of Miners’ Phthisis and the Ventilation of the Bendigo Mines,Stillwell & Co.,, 1907, p.5. Google Scholar

21.‘Report of the Royal Commission on Gold Mining’, pp.656-57. Google Scholar

22.Sandra Kippen andYolande Collins, ‘Radical reformers: The role of medical men in improving working conditions in the Bendigo goldmines, 1890-1910’, Journal of Australasian Mining History, vol.2, September2004, p.78. Google Scholar

23. Argus, 3November1870, p.6. Google Scholar

24.Argus, 30October1873, p.7. Google Scholar

25. An Act to Provide for the Regulation and Inspection of Mines, 1873, no.480, General Rule, 5(i). Google Scholar

26.‘Report of the Chief Inspector of Mines to the Honourable the Minister of Mines for the year 1874’, PPP, 1875-76,Legislative Assembly,Victoria, vol.2, report no. 14, p.5. Google Scholar

27. Reports of the Mining Surveyors and Registrars for the Quarter ending 31 December 1873,Government Printer,;Gold Fields of Victoria: Reports of the Mining Registrars for the Quarter ending 31 December 1889,Government Printer,. Google Scholar

28.Stephen Brown, A Most Damnable Invention: Dynamites, Nitrates and the Making of the Modern World,Viking Press,, 2006, p.132;Reports of the Mining Surveyors and Registrars for the Quarter ending 31 December 1879,Government Printer,;Gold Fields of Victoria: Reports of the Mining Registrars for the Quarter ending 31 December 1889,Government Printer,;Birrell, Rockdrills, p.10;Roger Burt, ‘Innovation or imitation? Technological dependency in the American nonferrous mining industry’, Technology and Culture, vol.41, no.2, April2000, p.333;Lister Merriken Cummings, Comparative Tests of Piston Drill Bits, BSc Mine Engineering thesis, School of Mines and Metallurgy,University of Missouri, 1915, p.2. Google Scholar

29.Cummings, Comparative Tests of Piston Drill Bits, pp.1-2. Google Scholar

30. Labor Call, 23April1914, p.26. Google Scholar

31.Quoted inKippen andCollins, ‘A social disease with medical aspects’, p.78. Google Scholar

32. Argus, Friday19October1888, p.11. Google Scholar

33.‘The ventilation of mines’, Argus, 29February1888, p.11. Google Scholar

34.‘Report of the Mines Ventilation Board’, p.730. Google Scholar

35.‘Report of the Royal Commission on Gold Mining’, p.657. Google Scholar

37.‘The quartz miners’ disease’, Argus, 7September1889, p.5;‘The Royal Commission on goldmining’, Argus, 19September1889, p.11. Google Scholar

38.‘Report of the Royal Commission on Gold Mining, p.657. Google Scholar

39.Ibid., p. 657. Google Scholar

40.Rosner andMarkowitz, Deadly Dust, p.17. Google Scholar

41.‘Report of the Royal Commission on Gold Mining’, p.561. Google Scholar

42.Ibid., p.668. Google Scholar

43.Ibid., p. 221. Google Scholar

44.George Rosen, The History of Miners’ Disease: A Medical and Social Interpretation,, 1943, pp.380-82;Burke andRichardson, ‘The profits of death.’pp.153-54;David Rosner andGerald Markowitz, ‘Consumption, silicosis and the social construction of industrial disease’, Yale Journal of Biology and Medicine, vol.64, 1991, p.481;Sandra Kippen, ‘The social and political meaning of the silent epidemic of miners’ phthisis, Bendigo 1860-1960’, Social Science and Medicine, vol.41, no.4, 1995, p.493;Bryan Gandevia, ‘The Australian contribution to the history of the pneumoconioses’, Medical History, vol.17, no.4, October1973, pp.372-73;Rosner andMarkowitz, Deadly Dust, p.21. Google Scholar

45.‘Report of the Royal Commission on Gold Mining’, p.561. Google Scholar

46.Ibid., p.657. Google Scholar

47.Ibid., p.668. Google Scholar

48.‘Report of the Mines Ventilation Bonus Board’, pp.8-9. Google Scholar

49.‘Annual Report of the Secretary for Mines and Water Supply for the year 1902’, PPP, 1903, vol.2, p.7. Google Scholar

50. Miners’ Complaint, p.8. Google Scholar

51.‘Legislative Assembly’, Argus, 2December1887, p.4. Google Scholar

52.‘Old-age pensions: Report of the Royal Commission on Old-Age Pensions’, PPP, 1898,Legislative Assembly,, vol.3, part 1, report no. 28, pp.x-xi. Google Scholar

53. An Act to Amend the Law Relating to Mining, 1897, no.1514, Subdivision 2, General Rules, 135 section (a). Google Scholar

54.‘Report of the Mines Ventilation Bonus Board’, p.18. Google Scholar

55.‘Amalgamated Miners Association: Annual conference’, Argus, 3March1900, p.3;‘Legislative Assembly’, Argus, 12September1900, p.7. Google Scholar

56.‘Legislative Assembly’, Argus, 18September1900, p.4. Google Scholar

57.‘Mine ventilation: Report by the Chief Ventilation Inspector’, Argus, 1November1901, p.7. Google Scholar

58.‘Ventilation of mines: Allendale Monday’, Argus, 18March1902, p.8. Google Scholar

59.‘Mines Ventilation Act and the West Berry Consuls Co.’, letter to the editor from Henry C. Roberts, Chairman of Directors,West Berry Consuls, Argus, 28May1902, p.7. Google Scholar

60.‘West Berry Consuls trouble’, Argus, 26May1902, p.8. Google Scholar

61.‘Mines Ventilation Act and the West Berry Consuls Co.’, p.7. Google Scholar

62.Ibid. Google Scholar

63.‘Ventilation of mines: A prosecution (Maryborough Tuesday)’, Argus, 14May1902, p.8;‘Mines ventilation: The North Duke case: Police court proceedings’, Argus, 28May1902, p.7. Google Scholar

64.‘North Duke Company no liability’, letter to the editor from James Randell, Chairman of Directors, North Duke, Argus, 29May1902, p.8;‘Mines ventilation: The North Duke case: Police court proceedings’, Argus, 28May1902, p.7. Google Scholar

65.‘North Duke mine ventilation case’, letter to the editor from James McCrorey, Director North Duke GM, Maryborough, Argus, 3June1902, p.9. Google Scholar

66.‘Mining Administration attacked by Mr. James Randell’, Argus, 1July1902, p.8. Google Scholar

67.‘Mining administration discussed by Chamber of Mines’, Argus, 3July1902, p.8. Google Scholar

68.Argus, 21 July 1904, p. 8. Google Scholar

69.For examples of public meetings over disease, seeMercury, 18May1903, p.3andArgus, 20July1903, p.9;Miners’ Complaint, p.2. Google Scholar

70.Summons, Reports of an Investigation at Bendigo, p.9;letter to the editor from John Praed, General Secretary AMA, Eaglehawk, Argus, 2June1898, p.7. Google Scholar

71.‘Annual report of the Secretary for Mines and Water Supply, for the year 1903’, PPP, 1904,Legislative Assembly,, vol.2, report no. 14, pp.59-60 Google Scholar

72.Ibid., p.63. Google Scholar

73. Argus, 22October1903, p.7 Google Scholar

74.‘Annual report of the Secretary for Mines, for the year 1903’, p.59. Google Scholar

75.‘Legislative Assembly’, Argus, 6November1903, p.7. Google Scholar

76.‘Miners’ phthisis: Deputation to the Minister of Mines’, Argus, 21July1904, p.8. Google Scholar

77.‘Mines ventilation: Bendigo and Eaglehawk: Report by Chief Inspector’, Argus, 23February1909, p.5. Google Scholar

78. An Act to Further Amend the Mines Act, 1904, no.1961, General Rules, section 45. Google Scholar

79.‘Miners’ phthisis: Deputation to the Minister of Mines’, Argus, 21July1904, p.8. Google Scholar

80. Argus, 28April1904, p.8. Google Scholar

81.‘Ventilation of mines’, Advertiser, 6March1908, p.9. Google Scholar

82.‘Miners and their work’, Argus, 27May1910, p.4. For similar events on the Queensland gold fields, see Bradley Bowden and Beris Penrose,‘Dust, contractors, politics and silicosis: Conflicting narratives and the Queensland Royal Commission into Miners’ Phthisis, 1911’, Australian Historical Studies, vol.37, no.128, October2006, pp.102-3. Google Scholar

83.‘Report of the Mines Ventilation Board’, p.732. Google Scholar

84.‘Annual report of the Secretary for Mines and Water Supply, for the year 1905’, PPP, 1906,Legislative Assembly,Victoria, vol.2, report no. 22, p.15. Google Scholar

85. Argus, 23September1905, p.16. Google Scholar

86. West Australian, 27December1905, p.3. Google Scholar

87.T. Holman, ‘Historical relationship of mining, silicosis and rock removal’, British Journal of Industrial Hygiene, vol.4, no.1, January1947, p.10. Google Scholar

88.‘Dust in mines’, Argus, 7April1910, p.10;‘Annual report of the Secretary for Mines, for the year 1911’, PPP, 1912,Legislative Assembly,, vol.3, part 1, report no. 11, p.119. Google Scholar

89.‘Miners’ phthisis’, Argus, 20August1906, p.6. Google Scholar

90.‘Health of miners: Proposed sanatorium’, Argus, 7April1910, p.10. Google Scholar

91.‘Annual report of the Secretary for Mines, for 1910’, PPP, 1911,Legislative Assembly,, vol.2, report no. 23, pp.29-30. Google Scholar

92.‘Annual Report of the Secretary for Mines and Water Supply for the year 1902’, PPP, 1903, vol.2, p.8. Google Scholar

93.‘Health of miners: Proposed sanatorium’, Argus, 7April1910, p.10;‘Castlemaine’, Argus, 21June1902, p.15;‘Old aged pensioner of 34’, Argus, 11January1905, p.6;‘Annual Report of the Secretary for Mines for 1903’, p.21;‘The old aged pensions’, Argus, 1November1902, p.16;Argus, 31July1908, p.4. Google Scholar

94. Barrier Miner, 8July1901, p.2. Google Scholar

95.‘Mine ventilation: A grave-side query’, Argus, 11July1906, p.11. For similar responses by other governments, seeCriena Fitzgerald, ‘Compensating the tubercular miner: An occupational health solution to a public health problem’, Studies in Western Australian History, no.25, 2007, pp.148-65;Annette Thornquist, ‘The long road to action: The silicosis problem and Swedish occupational health and safety policy in the 20thcentury’, in Tucker, Working Disasters, p.109. Google Scholar

96.‘Miners’ complaint: Bendigo Synod: Outspoken utterances’, Argus, 26November1908, p.9. Google Scholar

97.D.G. Robertson, Inquiry into the Prevalence of Tuberculosis at Bendigo, March-August 1920, Commonwealth Of Australia Quarantine Service, Service Publication no. 19,Government Printer,, 1920, p.67. Google Scholar

98.‘Annual report of the Secretary for Mines for 1903’, p.7. Google Scholar

99.‘Dust in mines: Are suppressive measures taken?’, Argus, 4 February1910, p.8. Google Scholar

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