Endnotes
1.Miners’ Complaint: The Primary Cause, How it May be Combated: A Reprint of Articles Published in theBendigo Advertiserin February and March 1903, Bendigo Advertiser, Bendigo, 1903, p. 3; ‘Report of the Royal Commission on Gold Mining’, Papers Presented to Parliament(hereafterPPP) Session 1891, Legislative Assembly, Victoria, vol. 5, report no. 151, pp. 561, 668-69; New South Wales Board of Trade, Interim Report of the NSW Board of Trade on the Prevalence of Miners’ Phthisis and Pneumoconiosis in Certain Industries, vol.1, Government Printer, Sydney, 1919, p. 128; Gillian Burke and Peter Richardson, ‘The profits of death: A comparative study of miners’ phthisis in Cornwall and the Transvaal, 1876-1918’, Journal of Southern African Studies, vol. 4, no. 2, 1978, p. 150; Alan Derickson, ‘Industrial refugees: The migration of silicotics from the mines of North America and South Africa in the early 20thcentury’, Labor History, vol.29, no.1, Winter1988, pp.66-89;R. Dumett, ‘Disease and mortality among gold miners of Ghana: Colonial government and mining company attitudes and policies, 1900-1938’, Social Science and Medicine, vol.37, issue2, 1993, p.213.
2.For example seePeter Sheldon, ‘Job control for workers’ health: The 1908 Sydney rockchoppers’ strike’, Labour History, no.55, November1988, pp.39-54;Peter Sheldon, ‘Silicosis, mechanisation and the demise of Sydney’s rockchoppers’ union, 1908-18’, Labour History, no.97, November2009, pp.13-35;Dumett, ‘Disease and mortality among gold miners of Ghana’, pp.213-32;Jock McCulloch, ‘Hiding a pandemic: Dr G.W.H. Schepers and the politics of silicosis in South Africa’, Journal of Southern African Studies, vol.35, issue4, December2009, pp.835-48;Jock McCulloch, ‘Counting the cost: Gold mining and occupational disease in contemporary South Africa’, African Affairs, vol.108, issue431, 2009, pp.221-40.
3.Yolande Collins andSandra Kippen, ‘“A social disease with medical aspects”: Miners’ phthisis and the politics of occupational health in Bendigo, 1889-1910’, Journal of Australasian Mining History, vol.6, September2008, p.70.
4.Michael Quinlan,Claire Mayhew, andRichard Johnstone, ‘Trucking tragedies: The hidden disaster of mass death in the long-haul road transport industry’, inEric Tucker(ed.), Working Disasters: The Politics of Recognition and Response,Baywood Publishing Company,, 2006, p.20.
5.Martin Cherniak, The Hawk’s Nest Incident: America’s Worst Industrial Disaster,Yale University Press,, 1986. Also seeDavid Rosner andGerald Markowitz, Deadly Dust: Silicosis and the Politics of Occupational Disease in Twentieth-Century America,Princeton University Press,, 1991;Elaine Katz, The White Death: Silicosis on the Witwatersrand Gold Mines: 1886-1910,,Johannesburg, 1994.
6.Eric Tucker, ‘Introduction’, inTucker, Working Disasters, pp.8-9.
7.For a similar state response in Cornwall, seeBurke andRichardson
‘The profits of death’.
8.Parliament of Victoria, People in Parliament (Former Members),http://www.parliament.vic.gov.au/– accessed 8 July 2011. There were 23 Premiers, however, three men served twice and one served four times, hence, 19 men served as Premiers. There were 23 Ministers for Mines, however, four men served twice, hence, 19 men served as Ministers.
9.‘Bendigo and district’, Argus, 14October1907, p.8.
10.Collins andKippen, ‘A social disease with medical aspects’, p.85.
11.‘Annual report of the Secretary for Mines and Water Supply, for the year 1904’, PPP, 1905,Legislative Assembly,, vol.3, part 1, report no. 18, p.11.
12.‘Progress report on the Royal Commission on Gold Mining’, PPP, Session 1891,Legislative Assembly,, vol.3, report no. 2, pp.6-7;Mining Surveyors and Registrars Report for the Quarter ending 31 December 1888,Government Printer,, 1888. In 1880, 38,568 miners were employed and mining plant was valued at £1,831,658; in 1889, 24,047 miners were employed, while mining plant was valued at £1,584,300.Reports of the Mining Surveyors and Registrars for the Quarter ending 31 December 1880,Government Printer,;Gold Fields of Victoria: Reports of the Mining Registrars for the Quarter ending 31 December 1889,Government Printer,.
14.Ralph W. Birrell, Rockdrills, Phthisis and Clean Air,Australian Mining History Monographs,, 2002, p.9;‘Report of the Mines Ventilation Board’, PPP, 1888,, vol.2, part 1, report no. 82, p.729;‘Mines ventilation’, Argus, 9July1901, p.7.
15.Katz, The White Death, p.125;‘Ballarat’, Argus, 11August1888, p.14.
16.See for instance,‘Inspection of mines’, Argus, 24May1860, p.5;Argus, 21June1860, p.5;‘Inspection of mines’, Argus, 17January1861, p.1. Carpenter was a mining engineer from Bendigo.
17.‘Ballarat’, Argus, 26January1870, p.5;‘Mining strike at Stawell’, Argus, 24October1873, p.5;Argus, 21May1872, p.5.
18.‘Regulation and inspection of mines’, Argus, 17October1873, p.6.
19.E.S. Proctor, ‘The health of the Cornish tin miner 1840-1914’, Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine, vol.92, November1999, p.597;Katz, The White Death, p.591.
20.‘The Mining Accidents Prevention Bill’, Argus, 3November, 1873, p.5;‘Legislative Assembly’, Argus, 12November1873, p.9;‘Legislative Assembly’, Argus, 12September1900, p.7;‘Mine ventilation: Report of the Mines Ventilation Bonus Board’, PPP, 1900,Legislative Assembly,, vol.2, report no. 12, p.8;B. Stewart Cowen, ‘Tuberculosis in a mining community’, Intercolonial Medical Journal, 20September1902, pp.432-38;Walter Summons, Reports of an Investigation at Bendigo into the Prevalence, Nature, Causes and Prevention of Miners’ Phthisis and the Ventilation of the Bendigo Mines,Stillwell & Co.,, 1907, p.5.
21.‘Report of the Royal Commission on Gold Mining’, pp.656-57.
22.Sandra Kippen andYolande Collins, ‘Radical reformers: The role of medical men in improving working conditions in the Bendigo goldmines, 1890-1910’, Journal of Australasian Mining History, vol.2, September2004, p.78.
23. Argus, 3November1870, p.6.
24.Argus, 30October1873, p.7.
25. An Act to Provide for the Regulation and Inspection of Mines, 1873, no.480, General Rule, 5(i).
26.‘Report of the Chief Inspector of Mines to the Honourable the Minister of Mines for the year 1874’, PPP, 1875-76,Legislative Assembly,Victoria, vol.2, report no. 14, p.5.
27. Reports of the Mining Surveyors and Registrars for the Quarter ending 31 December 1873,Government Printer,;Gold Fields of Victoria: Reports of the Mining Registrars for the Quarter ending 31 December 1889,Government Printer,.
28.Stephen Brown, A Most Damnable Invention: Dynamites, Nitrates and the Making of the Modern World,Viking Press,, 2006, p.132;Reports of the Mining Surveyors and Registrars for the Quarter ending 31 December 1879,Government Printer,;Gold Fields of Victoria: Reports of the Mining Registrars for the Quarter ending 31 December 1889,Government Printer,;Birrell, Rockdrills, p.10;Roger Burt, ‘Innovation or imitation? Technological dependency in the American nonferrous mining industry’, Technology and Culture, vol.41, no.2, April2000, p.333;Lister Merriken Cummings, Comparative Tests of Piston Drill Bits, BSc Mine Engineering thesis, School of Mines and Metallurgy,University of Missouri, 1915, p.2.
29.Cummings, Comparative Tests of Piston Drill Bits, pp.1-2.
30. Labor Call, 23April1914, p.26.
31.Quoted inKippen andCollins, ‘A social disease with medical aspects’, p.78.
32. Argus, Friday19October1888, p.11.
33.‘The ventilation of mines’, Argus, 29February1888, p.11.
34.‘Report of the Mines Ventilation Board’, p.730.
35.‘Report of the Royal Commission on Gold Mining’, p.657.
37.‘The quartz miners’ disease’, Argus, 7September1889, p.5;‘The Royal Commission on goldmining’, Argus, 19September1889, p.11.
38.‘Report of the Royal Commission on Gold Mining, p.657.
39.Ibid., p. 657.
40.Rosner andMarkowitz, Deadly Dust, p.17.
41.‘Report of the Royal Commission on Gold Mining’, p.561.
42.Ibid., p.668.
43.Ibid., p. 221.
44.George Rosen, The History of Miners’ Disease: A Medical and Social Interpretation,, 1943, pp.380-82;Burke andRichardson, ‘The profits of death.’pp.153-54;David Rosner andGerald Markowitz, ‘Consumption, silicosis and the social construction of industrial disease’, Yale Journal of Biology and Medicine, vol.64, 1991, p.481;Sandra Kippen, ‘The social and political meaning of the silent epidemic of miners’ phthisis, Bendigo 1860-1960’, Social Science and Medicine, vol.41, no.4, 1995, p.493;Bryan Gandevia, ‘The Australian contribution to the history of the pneumoconioses’, Medical History, vol.17, no.4, October1973, pp.372-73;Rosner andMarkowitz, Deadly Dust, p.21.
45.‘Report of the Royal Commission on Gold Mining’, p.561.
46.Ibid., p.657.
47.Ibid., p.668.
48.‘Report of the Mines Ventilation Bonus Board’, pp.8-9.
49.‘Annual Report of the Secretary for Mines and Water Supply for the year 1902’, PPP, 1903, vol.2, p.7.
50. Miners’ Complaint, p.8.
51.‘Legislative Assembly’, Argus, 2December1887, p.4.
52.‘Old-age pensions: Report of the Royal Commission on Old-Age Pensions’, PPP, 1898,Legislative Assembly,, vol.3, part 1, report no. 28, pp.x-xi.
53. An Act to Amend the Law Relating to Mining, 1897, no.1514, Subdivision 2, General Rules, 135 section (a).
54.‘Report of the Mines Ventilation Bonus Board’, p.18.
55.‘Amalgamated Miners Association: Annual conference’, Argus, 3March1900, p.3;‘Legislative Assembly’, Argus, 12September1900, p.7.
56.‘Legislative Assembly’, Argus, 18September1900, p.4.
57.‘Mine ventilation: Report by the Chief Ventilation Inspector’, Argus, 1November1901, p.7.
58.‘Ventilation of mines: Allendale Monday’, Argus, 18March1902, p.8.
59.‘Mines Ventilation Act and the West Berry Consuls Co.’, letter to the editor from Henry C. Roberts, Chairman of Directors,West Berry Consuls, Argus, 28May1902, p.7.
60.‘West Berry Consuls trouble’, Argus, 26May1902, p.8.
61.‘Mines Ventilation Act and the West Berry Consuls Co.’, p.7.
62.Ibid.
63.‘Ventilation of mines: A prosecution (Maryborough Tuesday)’, Argus, 14May1902, p.8;‘Mines ventilation: The North Duke case: Police court proceedings’, Argus, 28May1902, p.7.
64.‘North Duke Company no liability’, letter to the editor from James Randell, Chairman of Directors, North Duke, Argus, 29May1902, p.8;‘Mines ventilation: The North Duke case: Police court proceedings’, Argus, 28May1902, p.7.
65.‘North Duke mine ventilation case’, letter to the editor from James McCrorey, Director North Duke GM, Maryborough, Argus, 3June1902, p.9.
66.‘Mining Administration attacked by Mr. James Randell’, Argus, 1July1902, p.8.
67.‘Mining administration discussed by Chamber of Mines’, Argus, 3July1902, p.8.
68.Argus, 21 July 1904, p. 8.
69.For examples of public meetings over disease, seeMercury, 18May1903, p.3andArgus, 20July1903, p.9;Miners’ Complaint, p.2.
70.Summons, Reports of an Investigation at Bendigo, p.9;letter to the editor from John Praed, General Secretary AMA, Eaglehawk, Argus, 2June1898, p.7.
71.‘Annual report of the Secretary for Mines and Water Supply, for the year 1903’, PPP, 1904,Legislative Assembly,, vol.2, report no. 14, pp.59-60
72.Ibid., p.63.
73. Argus, 22October1903, p.7
74.‘Annual report of the Secretary for Mines, for the year 1903’, p.59.
75.‘Legislative Assembly’, Argus, 6November1903, p.7.
76.‘Miners’ phthisis: Deputation to the Minister of Mines’, Argus, 21July1904, p.8.
77.‘Mines ventilation: Bendigo and Eaglehawk: Report by Chief Inspector’, Argus, 23February1909, p.5.
78. An Act to Further Amend the Mines Act, 1904, no.1961, General Rules, section 45.
79.‘Miners’ phthisis: Deputation to the Minister of Mines’, Argus, 21July1904, p.8.
80. Argus, 28April1904, p.8.
81.‘Ventilation of mines’, Advertiser, 6March1908, p.9.
82.‘Miners and their work’, Argus, 27May1910, p.4. For similar events on the Queensland gold fields, see Bradley Bowden and Beris Penrose,‘Dust, contractors, politics and silicosis: Conflicting narratives and the Queensland Royal Commission into Miners’ Phthisis, 1911’, Australian Historical Studies, vol.37, no.128, October2006, pp.102-3.
83.‘Report of the Mines Ventilation Board’, p.732.
84.‘Annual report of the Secretary for Mines and Water Supply, for the year 1905’, PPP, 1906,Legislative Assembly,Victoria, vol.2, report no. 22, p.15.
85. Argus, 23September1905, p.16.
86. West Australian, 27December1905, p.3.
87.T. Holman, ‘Historical relationship of mining, silicosis and rock removal’, British Journal of Industrial Hygiene, vol.4, no.1, January1947, p.10.
88.‘Dust in mines’, Argus, 7April1910, p.10;‘Annual report of the Secretary for Mines, for the year 1911’, PPP, 1912,Legislative Assembly,, vol.3, part 1, report no. 11, p.119.
89.‘Miners’ phthisis’, Argus, 20August1906, p.6.
90.‘Health of miners: Proposed sanatorium’, Argus, 7April1910, p.10.
91.‘Annual report of the Secretary for Mines, for 1910’, PPP, 1911,Legislative Assembly,, vol.2, report no. 23, pp.29-30.
92.‘Annual Report of the Secretary for Mines and Water Supply for the year 1902’, PPP, 1903, vol.2, p.8.
93.‘Health of miners: Proposed sanatorium’, Argus, 7April1910, p.10;‘Castlemaine’, Argus, 21June1902, p.15;‘Old aged pensioner of 34’, Argus, 11January1905, p.6;‘Annual Report of the Secretary for Mines for 1903’, p.21;‘The old aged pensions’, Argus, 1November1902, p.16;Argus, 31July1908, p.4.
94. Barrier Miner, 8July1901, p.2.
95.‘Mine ventilation: A grave-side query’, Argus, 11July1906, p.11. For similar responses by other governments, seeCriena Fitzgerald, ‘Compensating the tubercular miner: An occupational health solution to a public health problem’, Studies in Western Australian History, no.25, 2007, pp.148-65;Annette Thornquist, ‘The long road to action: The silicosis problem and Swedish occupational health and safety policy in the 20thcentury’, in Tucker, Working Disasters, p.109.
96.‘Miners’ complaint: Bendigo Synod: Outspoken utterances’, Argus, 26November1908, p.9.
97.D.G. Robertson, Inquiry into the Prevalence of Tuberculosis at Bendigo, March-August 1920, Commonwealth Of Australia Quarantine Service, Service Publication no. 19,Government Printer,, 1920, p.67.
98.‘Annual report of the Secretary for Mines for 1903’, p.7.
99.‘Dust in mines: Are suppressive measures taken?’, Argus, 4 February1910, p.8.