Labour History

Endnotes

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21.Ibid., p.26. Google Scholar

22.Ibid., pp.39-47. Google Scholar

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29.R.B. Madgwick, Immigration into Eastern Australia,Longmans Green,, 1937. Google Scholar

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32.For example,F. Broeze, ‘Introduction: The Convict Experience and Australian Society’, Westerly, vol.30, no.3, September1985, pp.31-35;B. Dyster, ‘Convicts’, Labour History, no.67, November1994, pp.74-83. Google Scholar

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35.C.M.H. Clark, ‘The origins of convicts transported to eastern Australia, 1787-1852’, Historical Studies: Australia and New Zealand, vol.7, no.26, May1956, pp.121-35, and vol.7, no.27, November1956, pp.314-27. Google Scholar

36.R. Ward, The Australian Legend,Oxford University Press,, 1958. Google Scholar

37.R. Ward, Australia,Horwitz Publications,, 1965, p.40;R. Ward, Uses of History,University of New England,, 1968, p.7; pp.9-10;K. MacNab andR. Ward, ‘The nature and nurture of the first generation of native-born Australians’, Historical Studies: Australia and NewZealand, vol.10, no.39, 1962, p.290. For discussion, seeD.A. Roberts, ‘Russel Ward and the convict legend’, Journal of Australian Colonial History, vol.10, no.2, 2008, pp.37-58. Google Scholar

38.J.V. Barry, Alexander Maconochie of Norfolk Island: A Study of a Pioneer in Penal Reform,Oxford University Press,, 1958;B. Fitzpatrick, ‘Hell’s compassionate Cerberus’, Overland, vol.15, July1959, pp.52-53. See alsoS.C. McCulloch‘s review inPacific Historical Review, vol.29, no.3, August1960, pp.316-17;J.M. Bennett, review ofAlexander Maconochie of Norfolk IslandbyJohn Vincent Barry, Sydney Law Review, vol.30, 1960, pp.397-400. Google Scholar

39.L.L. Robson, The Convict Settlers of Australia,Melbourne University Press,, 1965. Google Scholar

40.A.G.L. Shaw, Convicts and the Colonies: A Study of Penal Transportation from Great Britain and Ireland to Australia and Other Parts of the British Empire,Faber & Faber,, 1966. Google Scholar

41.Ibid., p.214. Google Scholar

42.K. Buckley, ‘The role of labour: The Amalgamated Society of Engineers’, Labour History, no.4, March1963, p.3;R. Gollan, Radical and Working Class Politics: A Study of Eastern Australia,1850-1910,Melbourne University Press,, 1960;I. Turner, Industrial Labour and Politics: The Dynamics of the Labour Movement in Eastern Australia, 1900-1921,ANU Press,, 1965;J. Rickard, Class and Politics: New South Wales, Victoria and the Early Commonwealth, 1890-1910,ANU Press,, 1976. Google Scholar

43.J. Normington-Rawling, ‘Before Eureka’, Labour History, no.4, May1963, pp.11-18;T.H. Irving, ‘Some aspects of the study of radical politics in New South Wales before 1850’, Labour History, no.5, November1963, pp.18-25. See alsoL.J. Hume, ‘Working class movements in Sydney and Melbourne before the gold rushes’, Historical Studies, vol.9, no.35, 1960, pp.263-78. Google Scholar

44.G. Parsons, ‘The Cato Street conspirators’, Labour History, no.8, May1965, pp.3-5;R.W. Connell, ‘The convict rebellion of 1804’, Melbourne Historical Journal, vol5, 1965, pp.27-37. Google Scholar

45.W.H. Oliver, ‘Tolpuddle Martyrs and the Trade Union Oaths’, Labour History, no.10, March1966, pp.5-12. Google Scholar

46.H McQueen, ‘Convicts and rebels’, Labour History, no.15, 1968, p.3-30;Ward, The Australian Legend, p.29. Google Scholar

47.R. Ward, ‘Convicts and rebels: A reply’, Labour History, no.16, May1969, p.58. SeeF. Bongiorno, ‘Two radical legends: Russel Ward, Humphrey McQueen and the new left challenge in Australian historiography’, Journal of Australian Colonial History, vol.10, no.2, 2008, pp.201-22.‘Convicts and rebels’essentially became ch. 11 of McQueen’sA New Britannia: Social Origins of AustralianRadicalism and Socialism,Penguin,, 1970, with a slightly more polite phrasing of his criticism of Ward. Google Scholar

48.A. Summers, Damned Whores and God’s Police: The Colonisation of Women in Australia,Penguin Harmondsworth, 1975, ch. 8;M. Dixson, The Real Matilda: Women and Identity in Australia, 1788 tothe Present,, 1976, pp.115-54. Google Scholar

49.For example,K. Alford, Production or Reproduction?: An Economic History of Women in Australia, 1788-1850,Oxford University Press,, 1984, esp. pp.74-96, 163-71;A. Salt, These Outcast Women: The Parramatta Female Factory 182J-1848,Hale & Iremonger,, 1984 Google Scholar

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51.K. Buckley, ‘Primary accumulation: The genesis of Australian capitalism’,E.L. Wheelwright andK. Buckley(eds), Essays in the Political Economy of Australian Capitalism, vol.1, 1975, pp.12-32. Google Scholar

52.Buckley, ‘Primary accumulation’, pp.12-32. Google Scholar

53.M. Dunn, ‘Early Australia: Wage labour or slave society?’,E.L. Wheelwright andK. Buckley(eds), Essays in the Political Economy of Australian Capitalism, vol.1, 1975, pp.12-32. Google Scholar

54.R.W. Connell andT.H. Irving, Class Structure in Australian History: Documents, Narrative and Argument,Longman Cheshire,, 1982. Google Scholar

55.I. Turner, In Union Is Strength: A History of Trade Unions in Australia, 1788-1974,, 1983, pp.9-10. Google Scholar

56.‘Editorial: The purpose of the Push’, Push From the Bush, no.1, May1978, p.3. Google Scholar

57.M. Sturma, ‘Eye of the beholder: The stereotype of women convicts, 1788-1852’, Labour History, no.34, 1978, pp.3-10. For earlier work, seeD. Denholm, ‘Port Arthur; The men and the myth’, Historical Studies, vol.14, no.56, 1971, pp.406-23;G. Parsons, ‘Does the Bigge Report Follow the Evidence’, Australian Historical Studies, vol.18, 1972, pp.268-75;J. Ritchie, ‘Towards ending an unclean thing: The Molesworth Committee and the abolition of transportation, 1837-40’, HistoricalStudies, vol.17, no.76, 1976, pp.144-64;F.B. Smith, ‘Mayhew’s convict’, Victorian Studies, vol.22, no.4, Summer1979, pp.431–48;N. Townsend, ‘A mere lottery: The convict system in NSW, through the eyes of the Molesworth Committee’, Push From The Bush, no.21, 1985, pp.58-86. Google Scholar

58.G. Rudé Protest and Punishment: Story of the Social and Political Protesters Transported to Australia, 1788-1868,Oxford University Press,, 1978. Google Scholar

59.A. Atkinson, ‘Four patterns of convict protest’, Labour History, no.37, 1979, pp.28-51. Google Scholar

60.J.B. Hirst, Convict Society and its Enemies: A History of Early New South Wales,Allen & Unwin,, 1983;M. Sturma, Vice in a Vicious Society: Crime and Convicts in Mid-Nineteenth-Century NewSouth Wales,University of Queensland Press,, 1983. Google Scholar

61.W. Nichol, ‘Malingering and convict protest’, Labour History, no.47, 1984, pp.18-27. Google Scholar

62.C. Trueheart, ‘Robert Hughes and the Aussie chronicles’, Washington Post, 6February1987, p.2. Google Scholar

63.P. Burroughs, ‘The law, the citizen, and the state in nineteenth Century Australia’, The Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History, vol.22, no.3, 1994, p.543. Google Scholar

64.S. Nicholas(ed), Convict Workers: Reinterpreting Australia’s Past,Cambridge University Press,, 1988. Google Scholar

65.R. Evans andW. Thorpe, ‘Power, punishment and penal labour: Convict workers and Moreton Bay’, Australian Historical Studies, vol.25, no.98, April1992, pp.90-111;A. Davidson, Review ofConvict Workers, Australian Historical Studies, vol.23, no.93, 1989, p.481;S. Nicholas, ‘A new past’, inS. Nicholas(ed.), Convict Workers, p.201. Google Scholar

66.Davidson, Review ofConvict Workers, pp.480-1. Google Scholar

67.S. Nicholas, ‘Beyond convict workers: Unanswered questions about convict economy and society’, inB. Dyster(ed.), Beyond Convict Workers,, 1996, pp.3-4. See alsoS. Nicholas, ‘Reinterpreting the convict labour market’, Australian Economic History Review, vol.30, no.2, September1990, pp.50-56. Google Scholar

68.For example,B. Dyster, ‘Transported workers: The case of Mayhew versus Mayhew’, Labour History, no.60, May1991, pp.84-92. Google Scholar

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70.C. Gilchrist, ‘“This relic of the cities of the plain”: Penal flogging, convict morality and the colonial imagination’, Journal of Australian Colonial History, vol.9, 2007, pp.1-28;I.B. Meyering, ‘Abolitionism, settler violence and the case against flogging: A reassessment of Sir William Molesworth’s contribution to the transportation debate’, History Australia, vol.7, no.1, 2010, pp.6.1-6.18. Google Scholar

71.R. Evans andW. Thorpe, ‘Power, punishment and penal labour: Convict workers and Moreton Bay’, Australian Historical Studies, vol.25, no.98, April1992, pp.90-111;R. Evans andW. Thorpe, ‘Freedom and unfreedom at Moreton Bay: The structures and relations of secondary punishment’inDyster(ed.), Beyond Convict Workers, pp.64-82;R. Evans andW. Thorpe, ‘The last days of Moreton Bay: Power, sexuality and the misrule of law’, Journal of Australian Studies, vol.53, 1997, pp.59-75;R. Evans andW. Thorpe, ‘Commanding men: Masculinities and the convict system’, Journal of Australian Studies, no.56, 1998, pp.17-34. Google Scholar

72.H. Maxwell-Stewart, ‘Convict Workers, “penal labour” and Sarah Island: Life at Macquarie Harbour’, inI. Duffield andJ. Bradley, (eds.), Representing Convicts: New Perspectives on ConvictForced Labour Migration,, 1997, pp.142-62. Google Scholar

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74.P.J. Byrne, Criminal Law and Colonial Subject: New South Wales 1810-1830,Cambridge University Press,, 1993, esp. pp.19-72. Google Scholar

75.B. Smith, Cargo of Women: Susannah Watson and the Convicts of the Princess Royal,UNSW Press,, 1988. See alsoP. Robinson, The Women of Botany Bay: A Reinterpretation of the Role of Womenin the Origins of Australian Society,Penguin,, 1993. Google Scholar

76.D. Kent andN. Townsend, ‘Deborah Oxley’s female convicts: An accurate view of working class women?’, Labour History, no.65, November1993, pp.180-91;D. Oxley, ‘Exercising agency’, LabourHistory, no.65, November1993, pp.193-99. Google Scholar

77.The literature is vast, but see especiallyD. Oxley, Convict Maids: The Forced Migration of Women to Australia,Cambridge University Press,, 1996;J. Damousi, Depraved and Disorderly: Female Convicts, Sexuality and Gender in Colonial Australia,Cambridge University Press,, 1997;K. Daniels, Convict Women,Allen and Unwin,, 1998;K. McCabe, ‘Discipline and punishment: Female convicts on the Hunter’, Journal of Australian Colonial History, vol.1, no.1, 1999, pp.38-61;K. Reid, ‘Setting women to work: The assignment system and female convict labour in Van Diemen’s Land, 1820-1839’, Australian Historical Studies, vol.34, no.121, 2003, pp.1-25. Google Scholar

78.G. Karskens, ‘Defiance, deference and diligence: Three views of convicts in New South Wales road gangs’, Australian Historical Archaeology, vol.4, 1986, pp.17-28. Google Scholar

79.C.F.K. Fredericksen, ‘Confinement by isolation: Convict mechanics and labour at Fort Dundas, Melville Island’, Australasian Historical Archaeology, vol.19, 2001, pp.48-59. Google Scholar

80.For example,R. Miles, Capitalism and Unfree Labour: Anomaly or Necessity?,Tavistock Publications Ltd,, 1987, pp.94-117. Google Scholar

81.A. Wells, Constructing Capitalism: An Economic History of Eastern Australia,Allen and Unwin,, 1989, p.61. Google Scholar

82.For example,K. Buckley andT. Wheelwright, No Paradise For Workers: Capitalism and the Common People in Australia, 1788-1914,Oxford University Press,, 1988;G. Patmore, Australian Labour History,Longman Cheshire,, 1991;C. Fox, Working Australia,Allen and Unwin,, 1991;M. Aveling andJ. Damousi(eds), Stepping Out of History: Documents of Women at Work in Australia,Allen and Unwin,, 1991. Google Scholar

83.P.J. Byrne, ‘“The public good”: Competing visions of freedom in early New South Wales’, Labour History, no.58, May1990, pp.76-83;K. Humphrey, ‘A new era of existence: Convict transportation and the authority of the surgeon general in colonial Australia’, Labour History, no.59, November1990, pp.59-72;J. Damousi, ‘“Depravity and disorder”: The sexuality of convict women’, Labour History, no.68, May1995, pp.30-45;G. Karskens, ‘Death was in his face: Dying, burial and remembrance in early Sydney’, Labour History, no.74, May1988, pp.21-39;D. Kent andN. Townsend, ‘Some aspects of colonial marriage: A case study of the Swing protesters’, Labour History, no.74, May1988, pp.40-53;N. Townsend, ‘Penelope Bourke revisited’, Labour History, no.57, November1999, pp.207-18. Google Scholar

84.L. Taksa, ‘Family, childhood and identities: Working class history from a personalised perspective’, Labour History, no.82, May2002, p.128. Google Scholar

85.Best demonstrated inH. Maxwell-Stewart andL. Frost, Chain Letters: Narrating Convict Lives,Melbourne University Press,, 2001. See alsoD. Kent, ‘Decorative bodies: The significance of convicts’tattoos’, Journal of Australian Studies, no.53, 1997, p.78-88;J. Bradley andH. Maxwell-Stewart, ‘Embodied explorations: Investigating convict tattoos and the transportation system’, inI. Duffield andJ. Bradley(eds.), Representing Convicts: New Perspectives on Forced LabourMigration,Leicester University Press,, 1997;H. Maxwell-Stewart, ‘The search for the convict voice’, Tasmanian Historical Studies, vol.6, no.1, 1998, pp.75-89. Google Scholar

86.Note, for example, the absence of Australian perspective in some of the key accounts of the global history of unfree labour and forced migration, such as:L.J. Archer, Slavery and Other Forms of UnfreeLabour,Routledge,, 1988;P.E. Lovejoy andN. Rogers(eds), Unfree Labour in the Developmentof the Atlantic World,Frank Cass and Co. Ltd,, 1994;R. Blackburn, The Making of New World Slavery: From the Baroque to the Modern, 1492-1800,Verso,, 1997;S.L. Engerman, Terms of Labor: Slavery, Serfdom, and Free Labor,Stanford University Press,, 1999;R.J. Steinfield, Coercion, Contract, and Free Labor in the Nineteenth Century,Cambridge University Press,, 2001. Among the exceptions isD. Eltis, Coerced and Free Migration: Global Perspectives,Stanford University Press,, 2002. Google Scholar

87.I. Duffield andJ. Bradley(eds), Representing Convicts: New perspectives on Convict Forced Labour Migration,Leicester University Press,, 1997. Google Scholar

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89.K. Reid, Gender, Crime and Empire: Convicts, Settlers and the State in Early Colonial Australia,Manchester University Press,, 2007;C. Anderson, ‘Unfree labour and its discontents: Transportation from Mauritius to Australia, 1820-1850’, Australian Studies, vol.13, no.1, 1998, pp.116–133;C. Anderson, ‘Multiple border crossings: Convicts and other persons escaped from Botany Bay and residing in Calcutta’, Journal of Australian Colonial History, vol.3, no.2, 2001, pp.1-22. Google Scholar

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92.D.A. Roberts, ‘“A sort of inland Norfolk Island”?: Isolation, coercion and resistance on the Wellington Convict Station, 1823-26’, Journal of Australian Colonial History, April2000, pp.50-72 Google Scholar

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