Footnotes
*The authors would like to thankLabour History‘s two anonymous referees.
1.Crowne Street Board Meeting Notes from the Matron to the Board, 28 May1905, Box 1, file 305 (NUA), Kingswood State Records, NSW.
2.Odette Best andKath Howey, “Finding May Yarrowick: Is She the First?”(paper presented to the Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies, Nursing and Midwifery Seminar Series,, 8 May2013).
3.Jackie Huggins, “Firing on in the Mind”: Aboriginal Women Domestic Servants in the Inter-War Years,” Hecate 13, no. 2(1987):5;Jackie Huggins, “White Aprons, Black Hands: Aboriginal Women Domestic Servants in Queensland,” Labour History, no. 69(November1995):188–95;Joanne Scott andRaymond Evans, “The Moulding of Menials: The Making of the Aboriginal Female Domestic Servant in Early Twentieth Century Queensland,” Hecate 22, no. 1(1996):139–57.
4.Best andHowey, “Finding May Yarrowick”;Claire Schofield, Bundarra, Stepping Stone of the Gwydir(:Schofield, 1979).
5.Lowitja O’Donoghue, “Healing the Wounds: Nurses and Reconciliation,” 35th Patricia Chomley Oration(:Royal College of Nursing Australia, 2001);Gracelyn Smallwood, “Aboriginal Health by the Year 2000,” 24th Patricia Chomley Oration(:Royal College of Nursing Australia, 1990).
7.Sally Goold andKerrynne Liddle, eds, In Our Own Right: Black Australian Nurses’ Stories(:eContent Management Pty Ltd, 2005).
8. The Aboriginal Protection and Restriction of the Sale of Opium Act 1897 (Queensland), accessed October 2016,http://www.foundingdocs.gov.au/resources/transcripts/qld5_doc_1897.pdf.
9.Kathy Frankland, A Brief History of Government Administration of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander People in Queensland, research report prepared for Queensland Department of Communities,Community and Personal Histories,, 1994, accessed October2016,http://www.slq.qld.gov.au/resources/atsi/community-history/qld-legislation/brief-history.
10. The Aboriginal Protection and Restriction of the Sale of Opium Act 1897 (Queensland).
11.Ivy Booth andLaurel Booth, interviews withOdette Best, 15 March2014, Rockhampton.
12.“The Golden Casket Assembly Discusses Gambling: Dental Hospital,” The Courier-Mail, 25 October1934.
13.Ray Lovett, “A History of Health Services,”inYatdjuligin Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Nursing and Midwifery Care, ed.Odette Best andBronwyn Fredericks(:Cambridge Press, 2014), 31–50.
14.Commonwealth of Australia, Aboriginal Welfare: Initial Conference of Commonwealth and State Aboriginal Authorities 21–23 April 1937(:Commonwealth Government Printer, 1937), 3.
15.“The Australian Aboriginal and Ourselves,” Medical Journal of Australia 2(November1952):633.
16.Quoted inN. T. E. Hewitt, “Aborigines Bill,”
Queensland Parliamentary Debates, Legislative Assembly(17 November1971):1922.
18.Morgan B. Howe, Aborigines and Christians: An Introduction to Some of the Issues Involved(:Leader Press, 1977), 32.
19.Rt Hon. William McMahon, Australian Aborigines: Commonwealth Policy and Achievements(:Government Printers, 1972).
20.Heather Wearne, A Clash of Cultures: Queensland Aboriginal Policy (1824–1980)(:Uniting Church in Australia, World Mission Section, 1980), 22.
21. Ibid.
22.Mary Martin, interview withOdette Best, Brisbane, 12 March, 2010.
23.Parliament of the Commonwealth of Australia, House of Representatives Standing Committee on Aboriginal Affairs, Aboriginal Health(:Australian Government Publishing Service, 1979), 125.
24.Judith Godden, Lucy Osburn, A Lady Displaced: Florence Nightingale’s Envoy to Australia(:Sydney University Press, 2006), 40–41.
25.Minutes of Committee of Proposed Nurses’ Association, Sydney, 21 June1899, Mitchell Library, Sydney, NSW.
26.Odette Best, “Training the ‘Natives’ as Nurses in Australia: So What Went Wrong?”inColonial Caring: A History of Colonial and Post-Colonial Nursing, ed.Helen Sweet andSue Hawkins(:Manchester University Press, 2015), 104–125.
28.Colonial Office, Report of the Committee on the Training of Nurses for the Colonies(:His Majesty’s Stationary Office, 1945).
29.Best, “Training the Natives.”
30.Odette Best, “Yatdjuligin: The Stories of Aboriginal Registered Nurses in Queensland from 1950–2005”(PhD diss.,University of Southern Queensland, 2011);Anne-Maree Nielsen, “What are Aboriginal Registered Nurses’ Experiences of the Cultural Challenges, If Any, Involved in Working in Mainstream Healthcare?”(Masters Honours diss.,University of Southern Queensland, 2010), 12–20.
31.Katie Broun, Personal Diary of Katie Broun cousin of May Yarrowick, given to Odette Best by the Broun family.
32.Crowne Street Board Meeting Notes from the Matron to the Board, 28 May1905, Box 1, file 305 (NUA), Kingswood State Records, NSW.
33.William Munday, “Patients See Double When They’re Treated by the Nursing Twins,” Dawn Magazine 11, no. 1(1962):12.
34.Alison Bush andSheila van Holst Pellekaan, “Footprints: A Trail to Survival,”inIssues in Australian Nursing 4, ed.Genevieve Gray andRosalie Pratt(:Churchill Livingstone, 1995), 219–33.
35.Goold andLiddle, In Our Own Right.
36.Lowitja O’Donoghue, “Racism Often Came from Patients, Not Colleagues,”inGoold andLiddle, In Our Own Right, 47–55.
37. Ibid.
38.O’Donoghue, “Healing the Wounds.”
39.Sadie Canning, “My Story: The Beginning, Childhood, Ambitions and Achievements,”inGoold andLiddle, In Our Own Right, 1–8.
40.Mary Ann Bin-Salik, “Beyond Expectations: From Nursing to Academia,”inGoold andLiddle, In Our Own Right, 29–32.
41.Odette Best andAnne-Maree Nielsen, Indigenous Graduates Experience of Their University Nursing Education: Report to the Queensland Nursing Council Research Committee(:Queensland Nursing Council Research Committee, 2005).
42.Goold andLiddle, In Our Own Right;Best, “Yatdjuligin.”
43.Best, “Training the Natives,” 104–25.
44.Best, “Yatdjuligin”;Nielsen, “What are Aboriginal Registered Nurses’ Experiences,” 12–20;Goold andLiddle, In Our Own Right.
45.Quoted inE. N. Bacon, “Church Army in Australia: A Brief History of My Calling to the Service of God,” Dawn Magazine, no. 11(1962):10–11.
46.Bush andvan Holst Pellekaan, “Footprints.”
47.Best andNeilsen, Indigenous Graduates Experience.
48.Quoted inG. Rowe, “Sketches of Outstanding Aboriginals,” Dawn Magazine, no. 2(1955):13.
49.Joan Winch, “Why is Health Care for Aborigines So Ineffective?”inIssues in Australian Nursing 2, ed.Genevieve Gray andRosalie Pratt(:Churchill Livingstone, 1989), 53–70.
50.Smallwood, “Aboriginal Health by the Year 2000.”
51.Rosalie Pratt, “Black and White Together: Breaking Down the Barriers,”inGray andPratt, Issues in Australian Nursing 4, 211.
52.Judith Kelso Townsend andNancy de Vries, “Aborigines, Nursing and Education,”inGray andPratt, Issues in Australian Nursing 4, 273.
53. Ibid.
54.Laurel McCarthy, “Culture Conflict: Laurel’s Story,”inGray andPratt, Issues in Australian Nursing 4, 340.
55.Gracelyn Smallwood, “Aboriginality and Mental Health,”inMental Health and Nursing Practice, ed.Michael Clinton andSioban Nelson(:Prentice Hall, 1996), 104–18.
56. Ibid.
57.Sally Goold, “Why Are There So Few Aboriginal Nurses?”inGray andPratt, Issues in Australian Nursing 4, 235–52.
58.Office of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Health Services, National Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Nursing Forum, An Initiative to Develop Strategies for the Recruitment and Retention of Indigenous Peoples in Nursing(:Government Publishing Services, 1997).
59.Office for Aboriginal and Torre Strait Islander Health, Report of the Indigenous Nursing Education Working Group, Gettin Em n Keepin Em(:Department for Health and Ageing, 2002).
60. Ibid.
61.Ray Lovett, New South Wales Health Area Health Service Aboriginal Nurse Workforce Survey: Final Report(:NSW Health, 2001).
62.Ray Lovett, New South Wales Rural and Remote Aboriginal Nursing Strategy(:NSW Health, 2002).
63.Beryl Meiklejohn,Judy Ann Wollin andYvonne Cadet-James, Yvonne.“Successful Completion of the Bachelor of Nursing by Indigenous People,” Australian Indigenous Health Bulletin 13, no. 2(2003):1–9.
65.Rosalie Pratt, “Black and White Together,” 210.