Footnotes
*The author thanks the journal’s anonymous referees for all their helpful, critical feedback. He would particularly like to thankLabour History’scaretaker editor, Peter Sheldon, for the very substantial editorial work he provided on this article.
1.Valentin Seidler, Colonial Legacy and Institutional Development: The Cases of Botswana and Nigeria, Department of Development Studies(:University of Vienna, 2012), 15–27.
2.Colin Filer,Marj Andrew,Pauline Carr,Benedict Imbun andBill Sagir, “The Social and Economic Impact on the Resource Sector Job Stream in Papua New Guinea,”inWorld Development Report Companion Volume on “JOBS” in the World Extractive Industry(:World Bank, 2016, in press).
3.Jubilee Australia, Pipe Dreams: The PNG LNG Project and the Future Hopes of a Nation(:Jubilee Research Centre, 2012), accessed April 2016,http://www.jubileeaustralia.org/page/work/pipe-dreams-report.
4.Jane Thomason andMatthew Hancock, PNG Mineral Boom: Harnessing the Extractive Sector to Deliver Better Health Outcomes(:ANU, Development Policy Centre, Discussion Paper2, January2011).“Millennium Development Goals,”
Australian Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade, accessed April 2016,http://www.dfat.gov.au/un/millennium-development-goals.html.
5.Theo Levantis andMike Manning, The Business and Investment Environment in PNG: The Private Sector Perspective(:Institute of National Affairs, Discussion Paper, no. 86, 2006);Sinclair Dinnen, Law and Order in a Weak State: Crime and Politics in Papua New Guinea(:University of Hawaii Press, 2001).
6.Asian Development Bank, Papua New Guinea Economic Outlook(:ADB, 2013), 7–10.
7.AusAID, Papua New Guinea(:Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade, 2012).
8.Nelson Hank,Brian Jinks andPeter Biskup, Readings in New Guinea History(:Angus & Robertson, 1973), 324.
9.Australian Bureau of Statistics, “A Short History of Australian Aid,”
Year Book Australia, 2001, accessed April 2016,http://www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/abs@.nsf/featurearticlesbytitle/A30A0205261ABEECCA2569DE00200135?OpenDocument.
10. Ibid.
11.Quoted in,Rory Ewin, “The Papua New Guinea Constitution: Australia’s Role in its Development, 1960–1975”(Honours thesis,Australian National University, 1990), 3, accessed April 2016,http://www.speedysnail.com/pacific/png.html.
12. Ibid.
13.Merze Tate, “Australia and Self-Determination for New Guinea,” Australian Journal of Politics and History 17, no. 2(August1971):247.
14.United Nations, Report of the 1962 United Nations Visiting Mission to the Trust Territory of New Guinea(:UN, 1962), 24–26.
15.Ron May, State and Society in Papua New Guinea: The First Twenty Five Years(:University of Melbourne Press, 2001), 83–84.
16.Benedict Imbun, “Labour Relations in Papua New Guinea: A Historical Review of Literature, 1920–2006,” Labour and Management in Development Journal 8(2007):1–13.
17.Colin Filer andBenedict Imbun.“A Short History of Mineral Development Policies in Papua New Guinea, 1972–2002,”inPolicy Making and Implementation: Studies from Papua New Guinea, ed.Ron May(:ANU E-Press, 2009), 75–116.
18. Ibid., 76.
19.Desh Gupta, Political Economy of Growth and Stagnation in Papua New Guinea(:UPNG Press, 1992), 62.
20.Ben Finney, Big-Men and Business: Entrepreneurship and Economic Growth in the New Guinea Highlands(:University Press of Hawaii, 1973).
21.Benedict Imbun, “Struggling or in Transition: Small Household Growers and the Coffee Industry in Papua New Guinea,” Asia Pacific Viewpoint 55(2014):24–37.
22.Gupta, Political Economy, 62.
23.Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research, Papua New Guinea Coffee and Cocoa Policy Linkages(:ACIAR, Final Report, project no. PLIA/2005/148, 2007);“Problems in Coffee Production,” Post Courier(Port Moresby), 11 March2010.
24.Imbun, Dynamics of Wage Fixation in a Developing Country: The Case of Papua New Guinea(:Nova Science Publishers, 2008), 35.
25. Ibid., 29;Gerard Ward, “Contract Labour Recruitment from the Highlands of Papua New Guinea, 1950–1974,” International Migration Review 24(1990):273–96.
26.Michael Hess, “‘In the Long Run …’: Australian Colonial Labour Policy in the Territory of Papua and New Guinea,” Journal of Industrial Relations 25, no. 1(1983):51–67.
27.Imbun, “Have We Walked ‘on the Clear(ed) Path’? An Assessment of the Development of Industrial Relations in Papua New Guinea,”inBuilding a Nation in Papua New Guinea: Views of the Post-Independence Generation, ed.David Kavanamur,Charles Yala andQuinton Clements(:Pandanus Books, 2003), 149–62.
28.James Christopher Gissua, “Arbitration in Paradise: Industrial Dispute Resolution in Papua New Guinea”(PhD diss.,University of NSW, 1997), 38–45.
29.Hess, “In the Long Run.”
30.Gissua, “Arbitration in Paradise,” 38–45.
31.Imbun, “Have We Walked.”
32.Hess, Unions under Economic Development: Private Sector Unions in Papua New Guinea(:Oxford University Press, 1992), 45–55.
33.Michael Hess, “Papua New Guinea’s First Peak Union Council: Creating Unions to Fill a Bureaucratic Need?” Australian Journal of Politics and History 34(1988):28–36.
34.Imbun, Dynamics of Wage Fixation, 18–22.
35.S. Carrol, “The Changing Emphasis of Wage Policy in Papua New Guinea: The Reasons and Underlying Causes,”(Honours thesis,University of Sydney, 1993), 23–34.
36.Mike Daley, Industrial Relations System in Papua New Guinea(:Kundu Pacific, 1987), 124–35.
37. Ibid.
38.Douglass Smith, Labour and the Law in Papua New Guinea(:ANU Development Studies Centre, 1975), 55–68.
39.Ian Duncan,Brant Layton,Chris Nixon andSimon Wear, Papua New Guinea Agriculture: Issues and Options(:Institute of National Affairs, Discussion Paper, no. 92, 2006), 13–22.
40. Ibid.
41.Imbun, Dynamics of Wage Fixation, 18–22.
42.Hugh Mannur, Wages and Economic Growth in Papua New Guinea(:University of Papua New Guinea and Friedrich Ebert, 1992).
43. Minimum Wages Board Determination(:Department of Labour, 1974).
44.Benedict Imbun.“‘A Lot of Talking’ and No Significant Economic Progress: A Review of Wage Policy in Papua New Guinea,” Journal of Pacific Studies 28(2005):218–45.
45.Benedict Imbun.“The Dilemma of Wage Fixation in a Developing Country: The Case of Papua New Guinea,” International Journal of Employment Studies 2(1994):249–66.
46.Benedict Imbun, “Minimum Wage Debates in a Developing Country Setting: The Case of Papua New Guinea,” Economic and Labour Relations Review 26, no. 1(2015):1–17.
47.Department of Labour and Industrial Relations, Public Notice: 2013 PNG Minimum Wages Board Determination(:Department of Labour and Industrial Relations, 2013).
48.Benedict Imbun, Industrial and Employment Relations in the Papua New Guinea Mining Industry: The Case of Porgera(:UPNG Press, 1999), 46.
49.Imbun, “The Dilemma of Wage Fixation.”
50.Minimum Wages Board, 2000 PNG Minimum Wage Determination Terms of Reference(:Department of Labour and Employment, 8–14 June2000).
51.John Paska, telephone interview with author, 26 October2013.
52.Theo Levantis, Papua New Guinea: Employment, Wages and Economic Development(:Asia Pacific Press, 2000), 48.
53.“PNG Growers Submission,” 2000 PNG Minimum Wages Board Determination(hereafter2000 MWBD)(:Department of Labour and Employment, 2000).
54.“PNGTUC Submission,” 2000 MWBD, 50.
55.“PNG Employers Federation Submission,” 2000 MWBD, 6.
56.“University of Papua New Guinea Submission,” 2000 MWBD.
57.“Amalgamated Workers’ Union Submission,” 2000 MWBD.
58.“Pangu Pati Submission,” 2000 MWBD.
59.“Various Organisations’ Submissions,” 2000 MWBD.
60.Samson Kolapen, General Secretary, PNG Forest Workers Union, interview with author, PNGTUC Office, Port Moresby, 3 November2014.
61.Joel Alpmeldey, The Issue of Minimum Wage in Papua New Guinea: A Discussion Paper(:Department of Labour and Employment, 1994).
62.Benedict Imbun, The PNGTUC Position on Minimum Wage Policy for the Country(:PNGTUC Office, 1999).
63. 2000 MWBD, 29.
64. Ibid., 29.
65. Ibid., 55.
66.“Rural sector in turmoil after rise in minimum wages,” The National, 5 December2000.
67.John Paska, telephone interview with author, PNGTUC Office, Port Moresby, 23 January2014.
68.“NTCC Determines New Minimum Wage for Country,” Post-Courier, 29 January2001.
69.Sam Thomas, telephone interview with author, PNG Employers Federation, Port Moresby, 2 December2013.