Footnotes
1.Chris Briggs, “Lockout Law in a Comparative Perspective: Corporatism, Pluralism and Neo-Liberalism,” International Journal of Comparative Labour Law and Industrial Relations 21, no. 3(Autumn2005):494;Chris Briggs, “Strikes and Lockouts in the Antipodes: Neo-Liberal Convergence in Australia and New Zealand,”inStrikes Around the World, 1968–2005: Case-Studies of 15 Countries, ed.Sjaark van der Velden,Heiner Dribbusch,Dave Lyddon andKurt Vandaele(:Aksant Academic Publishers, 2007):175.
2.Chris Briggs, Lockout Law in Australia: Into the Mainstream?ACIRRT Working Paper, no. 95 (:ACIRRT, University of Sydney, 2004):8–9;Briggs, “Lockout Law in a Comparative Perspective,” 494;Chris Briggs, “Lockout Law in Australia: The Case for Reform,” Journal of Industrial Relations 49, no. 2(2007):169.Rae Cooper,Bradon Ellem,Chris Briggs andDiane van den Broek, “Anti-Unionism, Employer Strategy, and the Australian State, 1996–2005,” Labor Studies Journal 34, no. 3(September2009):342.
3.Briggs, Lockout Law in Australia, 9–10;Briggs, “Lockout Law in Australia: The Case for Reform,” 169;Chris Briggs, “The Return of the Lockout in Australia: A Profile of Lockouts since the Decentralisation of Bargaining,” Australian Bulletin of Labour 30, no. 2(2004):106.Cooperet al., “Anti-Unionism, Employer Strategy, and the Australian State, 1996–2005,” 344–45.
4.Briggs, “Lockout Law in a Comparative Perspective,” 482;Chris Briggs, “The Return of the Lockout Down Under in Comparative Perspective: Globalization, the State and Employer Militancy,” Comparative Political Studies 39, no 7(September2006):864–66.
5.Briggs, “Lockout Law in a Comparative Perspective,” 485.
6.Briggs, “Strikes and Lockouts in the Antipodes,” 176.
7.Briggs, Lockout Law in Australia, 19, 21–22;Briggs, “The Return of the Lockout Down Under in Comparative Perspective,” 864–66.Cooperet al., “Anti-Unionism, Employer Strategy, and the Australian State, 1996–2005,” 345–46.
8.Briggs, “The Return of Lockouts Down Under in Comparative Perspective,” 864–65.
9.Briggs, Lockout Law in Australia, 19–21;Briggs, “The Return of Lockouts Down Under in Comparative Perspective,” 864–65.
10.Briggs, “Strikes and Lockouts in the Antipodes,” 176.
11.Briggs, Lockout Law in Australia, 21;Briggs, “The Return of Lockouts Down Under in Comparative Perspective,” 864–65.
12.Cooperet al., “Anti-Unionism, Employer Strategy, and the Australian State, 1996–2005,” 346.
13.Briggs, Lockout Law in Australia, 15, 21;Briggs, “The Return of Lockouts Down Under in Comparative Perspective,” 865.
14.Patrick O’Leary andPeter Sheldon, Employer Power and Weakness: How Local and Global Factors Have Shaped Australia’s Meat Industry and Its Industrial Relations(:Victorian Universities Regional Research Network Press, 2012).
15.Thomas A. Kochan,Robert B. McKersie andPeter Cappelli, “Strategic Choice and Industrial Relations Theory,” Industrial Relations 23, no. 1(1984):16–39;Thomas Kochan,Harry Katz andRobert McKersie, The Transformation of American Industrial Relations(:Basic Books, 1986).
16.Kochan,McKersie andCappelli, “Strategic Choice and Industrial Relations Theory,” 20.
17.The use of consultants in the USA extends back decades according to the research by John Logan. For example,John Logan, “Consultants, Lawyers, and the ‘Union Free’ Movement in the USA since the 1970s,” Industrial Relations Journal 33, no. 3(2002):197–214;John Logan, “The Union Avoidance Industry in the United States,” British Journal of Industrial Relations 44, no. 4(2006):651–75.John Logan, “Permanent Replacements and the End of Industrial’s ‘Only True Weapon,”’ International Industrial and Working-Class History, no. 74(Fall2008):171–92;John Logan, US Anti-Union Consultants: A Threat to the Rights of British Workers(:Trades Union Congress, 2008). Logan’s research is also discussed and applied in Marjorie A. Jerrard and Patrick O’Leary, “Union Avoidance Strategies in the Meat Processing/Packing Industry in Australia and the USA Compared” (paper presented at the Australian-US Comparative and Transnational Labour History Conference, University of Sydney, 8–9 January2015).
18.“Industry Analysis,” Meat Processing in Australia: Market Research Report, ANZSIC C1111,IBISWorld Pty Ltd, January2014.
19.“New Companies Join Feeback’s Top 25 Ranking,” Feedback: 25 Meat Processors, Calendar Year 2001(:Meat & Livestock Australia, August2002):xiii.
20. Ibid.
21. Ibid.These were the only two members of the Board at this time.
22. Ibid.
23.Patrick O’Leary andPeter Sheldon, “Strategic Choices and Unintended Consequences: Employer Militancy in Victoria’s Meat Industry, 1986–93,” Labour History, no. 95(November2008):235.
24. Inquiry into the Meat Industry: Report to the Full Bench(:Australian Industrial Relations Commission, 1991). For a discussion of the inquiry and the surrounding issues, including the role of MAFTA, seeO’Leary andSheldon, “Strategic Choices and Unintended Consequences,” 223–42.
25.Australasian Meat Industry Employees’ Union v G & K O’Connor, Federal Court of Australia (hereafter FCA) 624 (2001): para 3.
26. Ibid.
27.Senator Kim Carr, “G & K O’Connor Meatworks: Employees,” Parliamentary Debates, Senate(23 May2001):24178.
28. Ibid.
29.George Strauss, “How Many of These are Anti-Union Practices? A US Perspective,” Labour History, no. 97(November2009):103.
30.O’Leary andSheldon, “Strategic Choice and Unintended Consequences” gives an overview of the situation in the Victorian meat industry during the Victorian Meat and By-products Award dispute from July 1989 into 1991.
31.O’Leary andSheldon, Employer Power and Weakness, 146. Wally Curran, former State Secretary, AMIEU, Vic., interview with the author, 26 November 2003, Williamstown, Vic.
32.Ross Coulthart, “The Insider,” Sunday, 8 April2001, Channel 9,.
33. Ibid.
37.Australasian Meat Industry Employees’ Union v G & K O’Connor, FCA1197 (2000): para 3.
38.Coulthart, “The Insider.”
40.Australasian Meat Industry Employees’ Union v G & K O’Connor, FCA 624 (2001): para 5; also Curran interview.
41.Australasian Meat Industry Employees’ Union v G & K O’Connor, FCA 624 (2001): para 5. See alsoO’Leary andSheldon, “Strategic Choices and Unintended Consequences,” 236.
42.Australasian Meat Industry Employees’ Union v G & K O’Connor, FCA 624 (2001): para 9.
43. Ibid., para 9 (iv); G & K O’Connor Pty Ltd and the Australasian Meat Industry Employees Union, Australian Industrial Relations Commission (hereafter AIRC), Print N8160, GO592 (1999): para 11.
44. Ibid., para 10.
45. Ibid.
46.Letter sent by facsimile to the union’s offices, 2 January 1997. G & K O’Connor Pty Ltd and the Australasian Meat Industry Employees Union, AIRC, Print N8160, GO592 (1999): para 10.
47. Inquiry into the Meat Industry: Report to the Full Bench;Anna Bodi,Glenn Maggs andBrian Cowper, Managing Change from the Enterprise Perspective in the Australian Meat Industry: Industry Outcomes: Workplace Culture Change Project(:Meat Research Corporation, June1996).
48.Employment, Workplace Relations, Small Business and Education Legislation Committee, Workplace Relations Legislation Amendment (More Jobs, Better Pay) Bill 1999, Submission by the AMIEU, 27 October1999.
49.“Historical Overview,” and “Global Context,”inYear Book Australia, 2005,Australian Bureau of Statistics, catalogue no. 1301.0, accessed October 2015,http://www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/abs@.nsf/Previousproducts/1301.0Feature%20Article232005?opendocument; Employment, Workplace Relations, Small Business and Education Legislation Committee, Submission by the AMIEU, 17 October 1999.
50.Marjorie A. Jerrard, “‘Dinosaurs’ are Not Dead: The AMIEU (Qld) and Industrial Relations Change,” Journal of Industrial Relations 42, no. 1(March2000):5–28.
51. Ibid., 16;Marjorie A. Jerrard, “‘Victims of Their Own Past?’ A Comparison of the Strategy of the Queensland and Victorian Branches of the AMIEU”(PhD diss.,Monash University, 2005):335–37.
52.O’Leary andSheldon, Employer Power and Weakness, 119.
54.Braham Dabscheck, “The Australian Waterfront Dispute and Theories of the State,” Journal of Industrial Relations 42, no. 4(December2000):497–516. AlsoCoulthart, “The Insider.”
55.Gordon Stewart, “The Decline and Fall of the Tally System in the Meat Processing Industry,” Australian Bulletin of Labour 28, no. 3(2002):184–97
56. Ibid., 184–85.
57.Michael Millett, “Reith Turns Up Heat on Unions,” The Sydney Morning Herald, 4 January1997, 1.
58.Employment, Workplace Relations, Small Business and Education Legislation Committee, Submission by the AMIEU, 27 October 1999. Also Steve Gibbons MP, Workplace Relations Amendment Bill (More Jobs, Better Pay) Bill 1999, Second Reading, Speech, Parliamentary Debates, House of Representatives(Tuesday 28 September1999):10792.
59. Ibid.See AMIEU Submission atibid.
60.Bird, interview.
61. Ibid.
62. Ibid.Also“Meatworkers Locked Out,” Guardian, 31 March1999, reproduced on the Communist Party of Australia (website), accessed October2015,http://www.cpa.org.au/z-archive/g1999/947meat.htm.
63.Carr, “G & K O’Connor Meatworks: Employees,” 24179; also reported byCoulthart, “The Insider”; and in“Belandra/Larberg/ESP/EMP,”AMIEU (Vic) Branch Newsletter, 18 February2003.
64.Coulthart, “The Insider.”
66.G & K O’Connor Pty Ltd and the Australasian Meat Industry Union, AIRC, Print S2371 (2000): paras 2, 3.
67.Termination of Agreement, G & K O’Connor Pty Ltd and Australasian Meat Industry Employees’ Union, AIRQ Print R7512 (1999): para 13.
68.Coulthart, “The Insider.”
69.Briggs, “The Return of the Lockout Down Under in Comparative Perspective,” 866.
70. Ibid.
71.Graham Bird, “Lockout at O’Connors,” O’Connor Dispute 1 Newsletter, 12 March1999, AMIEU Victorian Branch (website), accessed October 2015,http://vic.amieu.net/content/oconnor-dispute-1-newsletter-march-12-1999.
72.Peter Reith, Minister for Workplace Relations, Speech to Parliament on theWorkplace Relations Act, Parliamentary Debates, House of Representatives(21 November1996):7216.
73.Millett, “Reith Turns Up Heat on Unions,” 1.
74.Australasian Meat Industry Employees’ Union v Hamberger, FCA 1197 (2000): para 3; Australasian Meat Industry Employees’ Union v G & K O’Connor, FCA 624 (2001): para v.
76. “Meatworkers Locked Out.”
77.Carr, “G & K O’Connor Meatworks: Employees,” 24180.
78.Question 2593 by Arch Bevis (Brisbane) MP to Mr Tony Abbott (Warringah), Minister for Employment, Workplace Relations and Small Business, Questions on Notice:G & K O’Connor Meatworks, Parliamentary Debates, House of Representatives(Monday, 6 August2001):29235–37.
79.Mr Abbott’s answer, ibid., 29236, paras 2, 5.
80. Ibid., paras 2, 7, 8.
81. Ibid., para 5.
82.Coulthart, “The Insider,”emphasis added.
83. Ibid.
84.Briggs “The Return of the Lockouts Down Under in Comparative Perspective,” 866.
85.Australasian Meat Industry Employees’ Union v Hamberger, FCA 1197 (2000): para 3.
86.For references to hardship, see Australasian Meat Industry Employees’ Union and G & K O’Connor Pty Ltd, AIRC, C no. 37682, Print S0987 (1999); Australasian Meat Industry Employees’ Union v G & K O’Connor, FCA 624 (2001); G & K O’Connor Pty Ltd and Australasian Meat Industry Employees’ Union, Appeal against C no. 38894 of 1999 and C no. 3768 of 1999, AIRC, Print S2371 (2000): para 18; Australasian Meat Industry Employees’ Union and G & K O’Connor Pty Ltd, AIRC, C no. 37682, Print S0987 (1999): para 24.
87.Australasian Meat Industry Employees’ Union and G & K O’Connor Pty Ltd, AIRC, C no. 37682, Print S0987 (1999): para 50. Australasian Meat Industry Employees’ Union v Hamberger, FCA 1197 (2000): para 3.
88.Australasian Meat Industry Employees’ Union v G & K O’Connor, FCA 624 (2001): para vi.
89.Australasian Meat Industry Employees’ Union v G & K O’Connor Pty Ltd, FCA 1975 (2000): para 9.
90.Australasian Meat Industry Employees’ Union v Hamberger, FCA 1197 (2000): para 3.
91.Carr, “G & K O’Connor Meatworks: Employees,” 24179.
92.Michael Bachelard, “Meatworks Defends High Trainee Rate,” The Australian, 10 April2001, 4; also reported byCoulthart, “The Insider.” “G & K O’Connor: A Cut Above,” Well Worthwhile(:Agri-Food Industry Skills Council and the Australian Government Department of Education, Science and Training, 2006), 15.Carr, “G & K O’Connor Meatworks: Employees,” 24179.Elsa Underhill andDi Kelly, “Eliminating Traditional Employment: Troubleshooters Available in the Building and Meat Industries,” Journal of Industrial Relations 35, no. 3(September1993):398–423.
93.Coulthart, “The Insider.”
94.Australasian Meat Industry Employees’ Union, Colin Ross and Ors v G & K O’Connor Pty Ltd, FCA 1795 (2000).
95.Briggs, “The Return of Lockouts Down Under in Comparative Perspective,” 866.
96.“Meatworkers Win $1m in Back Pay,” The Age, 31 May2001, 6;“Meatworkers Win Three Year Battle,” The Australian, 31 May2001, 5;“Heads May Roll Over Abattoir,” The Herald Sun, 31 May2001, 29.
97.Australasian Meat Industry Employees’ Union v Hamberger, FCA 1197 (2000): para 3.
98.Bird, interview.
99.Briggs, Lockout Law in Australia, 21;Briggs, “The Return of Lockouts Down Under in Comparative Perspective,” 864–65.
100.Speech by Christian Zahra, Main Committee, Adjournment, Abattoirs:Packenham, Parliamentary Debates, House of Representatives(Thursday 14 October1999):11691.
101.Coulthart, “The Insider.”
102. Ibid.
103.Underhill andKelly, “Eliminating Traditional Employment”; see alsoStuart Svensen, “The Australian Wharf Lockout,” Capital& Class 66(Autumn1998):1.
104.Transcript of Proceedings of the Ray Murphy unfair dismissal, continued 1 March 2001 from 28 February 2001, Australasian Meat Industry Employees Union and G & K O’Connor Pty Ltd and Another, AIRC, C no. 39657 (2001).
105.Coulthart, “The Insider.”
106. Ibid.
107. Ibid.
108.G & K O’Connor Pty Ltd v Various Employees, AIRC, PR904140, C2000/37455 (2001): para 3.
109.Carr, “G & K O’Connor Meatworks: Employees,” 24180.
110. Ibid., 24178.
111.Logan, “Consultants, Lawyers,” 211.
112.Employment, Workplace Relations, Small Business and Education Legislation Committee, Submission by the AMIEU, 27 October 1999; alsoCoulthart, “The Insider.”
113.See for example A Jones v G & K O’Connor Pty Ltd, AIRC, U no. 30131, PR900340 (2000); and Australasian Meat Industry Employees’ Union v G & K O’Connor Pty Ltd, FCA 627 (2000).
114.Carr, “G & K O’Connor Meatworks: Employees,” 24179.
115.Bachelard, “Meatworks Defends High Trainee Rate,” 4.
116. Ibid.
117.Dell Champlin andEric Hake, “Immigration as Industrial Strategy in American Meatpacking,” Review of Political Economy 18, no. 1(2006):49–70.Georgeanne Artz,Rebecca Jackson andPeter F. Orazem, “Is It a Jungle Out There? Meat Packing, Immigrants, and Rural Communities,” Journal of Agricultural and Resource Economics 35, no. 2(August2010):299–315.
118.O’Leary andSheldon, Employer Power and Weakness, 83–84, 183.
119.Coulthart, “The Insider.”
120.Australasian Meat Industry Employees’ Union v G & K O’Connor Pty Ltd, FCA1975 (2000): para 9.