Labour History

Footnotes

*The authors would like to thankLabour History‘s two anonymous referees and editorial caretakers for their help. Google Scholar

1. Sunday Times(Sydney), 3 June1906, 5. Google Scholar

2. Sunday Times(Sydney), 7 June1906, 2 and 10 June1906, 5. Google Scholar

3. The Advertiser(Adelaide), 23 July1921, 9. Google Scholar

4. Sun(Sydney), 20 May1941, 7. Google Scholar

5. Mudgee Guardian and North-Western Representative, 18 July1946, 13(Madden was from Mudgee);The Land, 19 July1946, 3. Google Scholar

6.New South Wales Legislative Assembly, First Annual Report of the Director of Labour Bureau of NSW for the Year Ending 30 June 1906(:Government Printer, 1906), 14. Google Scholar

7. The Sydney Wool and Stock Journal, 17 April1903, 7;Sydney Morning Herald(SMH), 30 September1904, 7.The Worker(Wagga Wagga), 9 May1907, 15, published a circular from the Melbourne Trades Hall Council (MTHC) asking unions and unionists to help the drive to form a rabbiters’ union. The MTHC believed there were “5,000 [rabbit trappers] at least” in Victoria. See also, MTHC, Minutes, 3 March 1906, 153 and 15 February 1907, 355, Victorian Trades Hall Collection, 1/1/1/8, University of Melbourne Archives. Google Scholar

8. The Mercury(Hobart), 9 July1929, 11;The Official Year Book of New South Wales, 1904–31, passim; Victorian Year Book, 1903–30, passim. Google Scholar

9.Brian Coman, Tooth & Nail: The Story of the Rabbit in Australia(:Text Publishing, 1999), 146–70, 236–37;SMH, 13 February2015, 12. Google Scholar

10.L. J. Dunn, The Rabbit Industry: An Economic Survey 1904–1947, prepared for the Bureau of Agricultural Economics ([:Bureau of Agricultural Economics], 1948). Google Scholar

11.K. T. H. Farrer, A Settlement Amply Supplied: Food Technology in Nineteenth Century Australia(:Melbourne University Press, 1980). Google Scholar

12.G. B. Eggleton, Last of the Lantern Swingers(:Parraweena Publishing, 1982). Google Scholar

13.Eric Rolls, They All Ran Wild(:Angus and Robertson, 1977, first published1969). Google Scholar

14.Catherine Watson, The Rabbit King(:Boniyong Pastoral Company, 1996). Google Scholar

15.Coman, Tooth & Nail. Google Scholar

16.J. D. Bailey, A Hundred Years of Pastoral Banking: A History of the Australian Mercantile Land and Finance Company 1863–1963(:Clarendon Press, 1966);Simon Ville, The Rural Entrepreneurs: A History of the Stock and Station Agent Industry in Australia and New Zealand(:Cambridge University Press, 2000);H. M. Boot, “Debts, Drought and Foreclosure: Wool-Producers in Queensland and New South Wales, 1870–1905,” Australian Economic History Review 28, no. 2(September1988):33–52;Alan Barnard, ed., The Simple Fleece: Studies in the Australian Wool Industry(:Melbourne University Press, 1962);Kosmas Tsokas, Markets, Money & Empire: The Political Economy of the Australian Wool Industry(:Melbourne University Press, 1990);James Griffin, ed., Essays in Economic History of Australia 1788–1939(:Jacaranda Press, 1967);N. G. Butlin, “The Shape of the Australian Economy, 1861–1900,” Economic Record 34, no. 67(April1958):10–29. Google Scholar

17.P. G. Macarthy, “Wage Determination in New South Wales 1890–1921,” Journal of Industrial Relations 10, no. 3(November1968):189–205;P. G. Macarthy, “Wages in Australia, 1891–1914,” Australian Economic History Review 10, no. 1(March1970):56–76;P. G. Macarthy, “The Living Wage in Australia: The Role of Government,” Labour History, no. 18(May1970):3–18; andP. G. Macarthy, “Wages for Unskilled Work, and Margins for Skill, Australia, 1901–21,” Australian Economic History Review 12, no. 2(September1972):142–60. Google Scholar

18.Jenny Lee andCharles Fahey, “A Boom for Whom? Some Developments in the Australian Labour Market, 1870–1891,” Labour History, no. 50(May1986):1–27. Google Scholar

19.Verity Burgmann andStuart Macintyre, “Divided We Fell,”inStaining the Wattle: A People’s History of Australia since 1788, eds.Verity Burgmann andJenny Lee(:McPhee Gribble/Penguin Books, 1988), 109–31;Charlie Fox andBruce Scates, “The Beat of Weary Feet,”inibid. 132–49;S. H. Fisher, “An Accumulation of Misery,” Labour History, no. 40(May1981):16–28;Peter Sheldon, “Job Control for Workers’ Health: The 1908 Sydney Rockchoppers’ Strike,” Labour History, no. 55(November1988):39–54;Peter Sheldon, “In Division is Strength: Unionism among Sydney Labourers, 1890–1910,” Labour History, no. 56(May1989):43–59;Peter Sheldon, “‘System and Strategy’: The Changing Shape of Unionism among NSW Construction Labourers, 1910–19,” Labour History, no. 65(November1993):115–35;Peter Sheldon, “The Dirtiest of Jobs: Maintaining Sydney’s Sewers, 1890–1910,” Labour History, no. 93(November2007):127–44; andPeter Sheldon, “Silicosis, Mechanisation and the Demise of Sydney’s Rockchoppers’ Union, 1908–18,” Labour History, no. 97(November2009):13–36;Bruce Scates, “A Struggle for Survival: Unemployment and Unemployed Agitation in Late Nineteenth Century Melbourne,” Labour History, no. 24(April1990):41–61. Google Scholar

20.Charles Fahey, “‘Abusing the Horses and Exploiting the Labourer’: The Victorian Agricultural and Pastoral Labourer, 1871–1911,” Labour History, no. 65(November1993):96–114; andCharles Fahey, “Unskilled Male Labour and the Beginnings of Labour Market Regulation, Victoria 1901–1914,” Australian Historical Studies 33, no. 119(April2002):143–60. Google Scholar

21.Humphrey McQueen, “Improvising Nomads,” Journal of Australian Colonial History 10, no. 2(2008):223–50. Google Scholar

22.Humphrey McQueen, A New Britannia: An Argument Concerning the Social Origins of Australian Radicalism and Nationalism(:Penguin Books, 4th ed., 1978), 142, 146. Google Scholar

23. Report of the Royal Commission Appointed to Inquire into the Introduction of Contagious Diseases Amongst Rabbits(:Government Printer, 1889), 1–29;“The Report of the Royal Commission of Inquiry into Conditions of the Crown Tenants in Western Division of NSW,” Votes and Proceedings of the Legislative Assembly of NSW 4(1901):5–9;The Interim Report of the Royal Commission on Refrigerating Stores and Central Wine Depot[Victoria](:Government Printer, 1899), 1;David Stead, The Rabbit Menace in New South Wales(:Government Printer, 1928); andThe Royal Commission Appointed to Inquire into Certain Matters Relating to Rabbit, Dingo and Stock Route Administration[Queensland](:Government Printer, 1930). Google Scholar

24. Interim Report of the Royal Commission into the Alleged Shortage of Labour in the State of NSW(:Government Printer, 1911);Food Supplies and Trade and Industry During the War: Reports and Recommendations of the Commonwealth Royal Commission(:Government Printer, 1914); andReport of the NSW Board of Trade, Rural Industries and the Question of a Rural Living Wage(:Government Printer, 1921). Google Scholar

25.Bradley Bowden, Driving Force: The History of the Transport Workers’ Union of Australia 1883–1992(:Allen and Unwin, 1993), 32, 60, 79, 83;Mark Hearn andHarry Knowles, One Big Union: A History of the Australian Workers Union 1886–1994(:Cambridge University Press, 1996), 112;Queanbeyan Age, 9 May1911, 6;The Worker(Brisbane), 9 March1912, 12–13; 3 August1912, 13; and 12 March1914, 15;SMH, 23 April1912, 6; 14 December1922, 9; 16 December1922, 14; and 21 February1927, 12;The Land(Sydney), 19 January1917, 3. The peak bodies were the Country Rabbit Packers’ Association of NSW and The Victorian Rabbit Packers and Exporters Association. Google Scholar

26.Tubbo Estate Company Proprietary Limited Collection, RW 2, Charles Sturt University Regional Archives (CSURA); Erin Vale Station Collection, RW 93, CSURA; Mulwala Station Collection, RW233, CSURA;Paul de Serville, Tubbo: The Great Peter’s Run(:Oxford University Press, 1982), 138–39, 157–58;Michael McKernan, The Valley: A Story from the Heart of the Land(:Allen and Unwin, 2009), 195–96. Google Scholar

27.Michael Quinlan, “The Low Rumble of Informal Dissent: Shipboard Protests over Health and Safety in Australian Waters, 1790–1900,” Labour History, no. 102(May2012):133. Google Scholar

28.R. B. Walker, The Newspaper Press in New South Wales 1803–1920(:Sydney University Press, 1976), 176;R. B. Walker, Yesterday’s News: A History of the Newspaper Press in New South Wales from 1920 to 1945(:Sydney University Press, 1980), 166. Google Scholar

29.Warwick Eather andDrew Cottle, “A Power in the Bush: The Rabbit Industry in South-East Australia 1870–1950,” Journal of the Royal Australian Historical Society 102, no. 1(June2016):73–74. Google Scholar

30. The Hobart Town Courier, 8 January1836, 3;SMH, 6 October1873, 7;Launceston Examiner, 1878–83, passim;The Mercury(Hobart), 1873–83, passim; and 18 November1948, 3;The Bacchus Marsh Express, 8 January1881, 4. Google Scholar

31.For Victoria, seeVictorian Year Book, 1895–98, 925;The Broadford Courier and Ready Creek Times, 17 April1903, 2. ForTasmania, seeOakleigh Leader(North Brighton), 15 October1892, 2;The Mercury(Hobart), 21 October1896, 2;Launceston Examiner, 2 September1897, 4. For South Australia, seeThe Register(Adelaide), 2 October1905, 6. For 1901–1950, seeDunn, The Rabbit Industry, Appendix A. Google Scholar

32. Kerang Times and Swan Hill Gazette, 8 May1885, 4;Victorian Year Book, 1880–81, 70and1895–98, 925;The Mercury(Hobart), 20 January1873, 2 and 3 August1875, 3;Irene Schaffer, “Bidencope, Joseph (1837–1915),” Australian Dictionary of Biography, Supplement, ed.Christopher Cunneen(:Melbourne University Press, 2005), 30–31;Percy Begg, Detailed Review of the Activities of the Australian Rabbit Skin Board 1940–1950(:Australian Rabbit Skin Board, 1950), 11–27, 43 and Section O, 1–6. Google Scholar

33.Eather andCottle, “A Power in the Bush,” 74–75. Google Scholar

34. Ibid., 75–76;Frankston and Somerville Standard, 3 September1932, 4;Eric N. Birks, Brief History of Wilcox Mofflin Limited and Present Day Organisation(:Radcliffe Press, [1921]), 20. Birks claims that Sydney’s small good shops retailed 20,000 rabbits a day. Google Scholar

35. Evening News(Sydney), 22 October1908, 3. See alsoSMH, 18 May1910, 6. Google Scholar

36.Eather andCottle, “A Power in the Bush,” 76–77. Google Scholar

37. The Argus(Melbourne), 25 April1902, 3;The Burrowa News, 17 June1927, 7. Google Scholar

38. Queanbeyan Age and Queanbeyan Observer, 25 July1916, 3. For families, seeSMH, 20 June1906, 1 and 5 June1911, 8;Evening News(Sydney), 21 April1908, 3;The Argus(Melbourne), 5 July1910, 8. Google Scholar

39. Albury Banner and Wodonga Express, 12 July1907, 46;Camperdown Chronicle, 15 June1915, 3;The Southern Record and Advertiser(Condelo), 17 May1929, 2;The Mercury(Hobart), 6 March1953, 7. Google Scholar

40. Sunday Times(Sydney), 3 June1906, 5;NSW State Labour Bureau, The Rabbiters’ Guide: Information for Rabbiters(:The Bureau, [1907]), 5–6. Google Scholar

41. Hardware Journal, December1956, 56and September1961, 36; we thank Humphrey McQueen for these references. For trap prices and imports, seeTariff Board’s Report and Recommendation on Rabbit Traps, 21 December1932(,Government Printer, 1933), 1–7;Portland Guardian, 14 March1892, 3;The Bathurst Times, 30 January1918, 3;Daily Observer(Tamworth), 1 August1919, 1;Queanbeyan Age and Queanbeyan Observer, 13 February1920, 2;Barrier Miner(Broken Hill), 3 December1924, 4;Examiner(), 17 April1929, 7;The Australian Women’s Weekly, 22 May1948, 20. Google Scholar

42. The Queanbeyan Age and Queanbeyan Observer, 7 August1917, 2. Google Scholar

43. The Gundagai Independent and Pastoral, Agricultural and Mining Advocate, 12 April1926, 3;SMH, 23 February1926, 10. Google Scholar

44. The Burrowa News, 5 November1926, 1. Google Scholar

45. The Land(), 28 August1925, 14. Google Scholar

46.Stead, The Rabbit Menace, 39–41;Birks, Brief History of Wilcox Mofflin Limited, 10–15;New South Wales Legislative Assembly, Labour Commissioners, Report for the Year Ended 30 June 1905(:Government Printer, 1905), 5. Google Scholar

47. Yea Chronicle, 9 April1903, 2. Google Scholar

48.Stead, The Rabbit Menace, 42. Google Scholar

49. The Dubbo Liberal and Macquarie Advocate, 27 November1951, 1. See also, The Muswellbrook Chronicle, 28 January1949, 8;Cootamundra Herald, 9 December1949, 2;Worker(), 16 January1950, 6;The Burrowa News, 20 January1951, 5;Western Herald(Bourke), 20 April1951, 12. Google Scholar

50.Stead, The Rabbit Menace, 42;The Sydney Stock and Station Journal, 18 February1908, 3. For Port Augusta, seeThe Advertiser(Adelaide), 9 December1908, 8. For Collerenebri and other towns, seeAustralian Town and Country Journal, 20 December1905, 21. For the use of pit traps during plagues, seeChronicle(Adelaide), 29 June1918, 12. Google Scholar

51.Stead, The Rabbit Menace, 39–45, 72. For Darlington Point, seeThe Land(Sydney), 23 April1937, 5. For rabbit drives, seeJenny Quealy, ed., Great Australian Rabbit Stories(:ABC Books, 2010), 223–43;Patsy Adam Smith, Hear the Train Blow(:Penguin Books, 1992), 16;McKernan, The Valley, 217;Australian Town and Country Journal, 2 May1906, 11;The Peak Hill Express, 23 November1906, 10;The Burrowa News, 28 February1919, 7. Google Scholar

52.Stead, The Rabbit Menace, 46–69;Rolls, They All Ran Wild, 137–39;Ray Gadd inBoots and All: An Oral History of Farming in Victoria, ed.Catherine Watson(:Friends of the Earth, 1984), 9;The Sydney Stock and Station Journal, 4 March1902, 5. Google Scholar

53.Watson, The Rabbit King, 74–76;Birks, Brief History of Wilcox Mofflin Limited, 16–17;Portland Guardian, 6 July1892, 4;The Sydney Stock and Station Journal, 4 March1902, 5;The Burra Record(), 12 October1904, 6. Google Scholar

54.Warwick Eather andDrew Cottle, “The Rabbit Industry in South-East Australia, 1870–1970”(refereed paper presented at 14th Biennial Labour History Conference,University of Melbourne, 11–13 February2015), 17–19. Google Scholar

55.Eather andCottle, “A Power in the Bush,” 76–79;Birks, Brief History of Wilcox Mofflin Limited, 16–18;New South Wales Legislative Assembly, Labour Commissioners, Report for the Year Ended 30 June 1904(:Government Printer, 1904), 14;New South Wales Legislative Assembly, Labour Commissioners, Report for the Year Ended 30 June1905, 4–5;First Annual Report of the Director of Labour, State Labour Bureau of NSW for the Year Ending 30 June1906, 14–15;W. J. P. Giddings, Rabbit Destruction: Dr Danysz’s Proposed Experiments(:Commonwealth Government Printer, 1906), 5. Google Scholar

56. The Age(), 29 April1904, 2. Google Scholar

57.W. M. Sherrie, “Industrial Aspect of the Rabbit,” The Argus(Melbourne), 27 November1909, 8. Google Scholar

58. Bathurst Free Press and Mining Journal, 17 March1903, 2;Australian Town and Country Journal, 18 January1905, 13; 14 February1906, 21 and 20 June1906, 13;Worker(Brisbane), 22 September1906, 7;The Grenfell Record and Lachlan District Advertiser, 4 May1907, 2;SMH, 16 May1907, 5 and 22 July1910, 4;The Sydney Stock and Station Journal, 26 June1908, 6. For £10 a week or more, seeSMH, 16 June1908, 5; 25 June1908, 7; 30 November1908, 8; 11 December1908, 4; 19 May1909, 7; 16 March1910, 9; 5 May1910, 4; and 13 June1910, 5;Queanbeyan Age, 25 February1908, 2;Kilmore Free Press, 10 September1908, 4;The Register(), 14 May1910, 14;The North East Ensign(), 20 May1910, 4;Barrier Miner(), 7 June1910, 2 and 13 June1910, 2; For skins, £20 or more, seeSMH, 19 April1910, 4; 28 April1910, 4; and 5 May1910, 4;The Sydney Stock and Station Journal, 18 March1910, 6. Google Scholar

59. SMH, 18 May1910, 6. Google Scholar

60. Adelong and Tumut Express and Tumbarumba Post, 14 February1908, 3;Goulburn Evening Penny Post, 12 October1909, 4;The Dubbo Liberal and Macquarie Advocate, 22 March1911, 1;The Bathurst Times, 12 May1910, 3; 8 September1910, 3; 26 January1911, 1; and 19 May1911, 2;The Bega Budget, 26 August1911, 1;The Farmer and Settler(Sydney), 22 September1911, 6;Goulburn Evening Penny Post, 31 July1913, 4. Google Scholar

61. Molong Express and Western District Advertiser(NSW), 25 July1908, 12;SMH, 3 August1910, 7. Google Scholar

62. Queanbeyan Age, 15 August1911, 2 and 12 July1912, 2. Google Scholar

63. Albury Banner and Wodonga Express, 20 June1913, 6. Google Scholar

64. Border Watch(Mount Gambier), 25 January1911, 3. Google Scholar

65. The Horsham Times, 18 July1913, 6. Google Scholar

66. Daily Observer(Tamworth), 1 August1919, 1. Google Scholar

67. The Dubbo Liberal and Macquarie Advocate, 23 January1920, 4. Google Scholar

68. The Armidale Express and New England General Advertiser, 29 July1921, 7. Google Scholar

69.Eather andCottle, “The Rabbit Industry in South-East Australia,” 17–21;The Official Year Book of New South Wales, 1935–36, 818;Singleton Argus, 4 March1932, 6. Google Scholar

70. Murray River and Australian River Record, 22 April1932, 4; 26 May1932, 4 and 19 January1933, 3;Burra Record, 5 April1933, 4. Google Scholar

71. The Courier Mail, 6 April1934, 4; 16 April1934, 3; 16 May1934, 6; and 11 November1941, 3. Google Scholar

72. The Grenfell Record and Lachlan District Advertiser, 19 June1933, 2;SMH, 19 August1933, 13 and 24 July1934, 1and10;The Land(Sydney), 25 August1933, 6;Singleton Argus, 8 June1934, 7;The Southern Record and Advertiser(Condelo), 27 July1934, 1. For Aspinall, seeThe Carcoar Chronicle, 30 June1933, 1. Google Scholar

73. The Argus(), 26 May1941, 2;The Courier Mail, 6 July1944, 4. Google Scholar

74. The Land(), 30 May1941, 3. Google Scholar

75. The Canberra Times, 3 August1943, 4 and 3 May1944, 2. Google Scholar

76. The Mercury(), 22 May1944, 5;Advocate(Burnie), 16 July1946, 4;Official Year Book of the Commonwealth of Australia, 1944–45, 335. Google Scholar

77.Eather andCottle, “The Rabbit Industry in South-East Australia,” 21. Google Scholar

78. The Land(), 16 August1946, 13. Google Scholar

79. The Land(Sydney), 26 July1946, 11. The figures were provided by Mr R. C. Wilson of the Graziers’ Association of NSW’s General Council. Google Scholar

80. Sunday Times(Sydney), 17 June1906, 2;First Annual Report of the Director of Labour, State Labour Bureau of NSW for the Year Ending 30 June1906, 14. Google Scholar

81. SMH, 12 August1908, 8;New South Wales Legislative Assembly, Second Annual Report of the Director of Labour, State Labour Bureau of NSW for the Year Ending 30 June 1907(:Government Printer, 1907), 13. Google Scholar

82.Eather andCottle, “The Rabbit Industry in South-East Australia,” 16;Second Annual Report of the Director of Labour, State Labour Bureau of NSW for the Year Ending 30 June1907, 13. Google Scholar

83. SMH, 28 January1920, 9. Google Scholar

84.H. F. L. Palmer, Armidale, Letter to the Editor, 17 May1923, SMH, 25 May1923, 15. Google Scholar

85. Second Annual Report of the Director of Labour, State Labour Bureau of NSW for the Year Ending 30 June1907, 13. Google Scholar

86.New South Wales Legislative Council, Hansard(11 March1927):2270–73;SMH, 8 March1921, 8. Google Scholar

87. The Register(Adelaide), 28 June1906, 6;Report of the NSW Board of Trade, 39. Google Scholar

88. Bairnsdale Advertiser and Tambo and Omeo Chronicle, 10 September1907, 4. Google Scholar

89. SMH, 23 January1911, 26;The Land(Sydney), 5 January1912, 7;Daily Advertiser(Wagga Wagga), March1914, passim;The Farmer and Settler(Sydney), 10 March1914, 2;Report of the NSW Board of Trade, 39;The Argus(Melbourne), 18 July1917, 8. Google Scholar

90. Daily Advertiser(Wagga Wagga), 17–30 May1917, passim; The Land(Sydney), May1917, passim; The Bathurst Times, 21 May1917, 1;Bendigo Advertiser, 21 May1917, 4;SMH, 22 May1917, 5. Google Scholar

91. The Peak Hill Express, 18 May1906, 17 and 15 June1906, 18;Evening News(Sydney), 22 October1908, 3;The Register(), 14 May1910, 14;West Gippsland Gazette(), 24 May1910, 7. Google Scholar

92. Australian Town and Country Journal, 25 March1893, 43. Google Scholar

93. The Manaro Mercury, and Cooma and Bombala Advertiser, 29 August1902, 2;The Advertiser(), 29 January1920, 4. Google Scholar

94. The Land(), 13 August1926, 15. Google Scholar

95. Kilmore Free Press, 24 January1918, 1. Google Scholar

96. Australian Town and Country Journal, 20 June1906, 22;SMH, 20 February1920, 5. Google Scholar

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98. The Braidwood Review and District Advocate, 7 June1921, 2;Queanbeyan Age and Queanbeyan Observer, 1 July1921, 2;SMH, 25 July1922, 7 and 20 January1923, 13. Google Scholar

99. The Bathurst Times, 17 April1925, 2. Google Scholar

100. Kilmore Free Press, 10 February1898, 2. Google Scholar