Labour History

Footnotes

*This research is part of a larger project with co-researcher Associate Professor Katharine McGregor (University of Melbourne) on Indonesians’ transnational activism during the Sukarno era (1949–66). The author acknowledges research funding received from the Australia-Netherlands Research Collaboration, the Norman Macgeorge Scholarship, the University of Melbourne’s Human Rights Scholarship and the University of Sydney’s Faculty Research Support Scheme. The author wishes to thank Vivian Honan for her research assistance, Diane Kirkby, Adrian Vickers, Annie Pohlman andLabour History‘s two anonymous referees. Google Scholar

1.See for exampleGeorge E. Lichtblau, “The Communist Labor Offensive in Former Colonial Countries,” Industrial and Labor Relations Review 15, no. 3(1962), 376–401. Lichtblau suggests that the WFTU and its affiliates were overall compliant to the wishes and directions of the Soviet Union. Google Scholar

2.Francisca De Haan, “Continuing Cold War Paradigms in Western Historiography of Transnational Women’s Organisations: The Case of the Women’s International Democratic Federation (WIDF),” Women’s History Review 19, no. 4(September2010):553. Google Scholar

3. Ibid. Google Scholar

4.Francisca De Haan, “Eugénie Cotton, Pak Chong-Ae, and Claudia Jones: Rethinking Transnational Feminism and International Politics,” Journal of Women’s History 25, no. 4(2013):178. Google Scholar

5.Heather Goodall, “Uneasy Comrades: Tuk Subianto, Eliot V. Elliot and the Cold War,” Indonesia and the Malay World 40, no. 117(2012):210. Google Scholar

6.See alsoKatharine McGregor, “Indonesian Women, the Women’s International Democratic Federation and the Struggle for ‘Women’s Rights,’ 1946–1965,” Indonesia and the Malay World 40, no. 117(2012):193–208;Heather Goodall, “Lucy Woodcock’s Transnationalism: Connecting Feminism, Trade Unionism, Education and the Peace Movement”(paper presented at the Australian Historical Association Conference,University of Wollongong, 10 July2013). Google Scholar

7.These includeDonald Hindley, The Communist Party of Indonesia 1951–1963(:University of California Press, 1966);Justus M. van der Kroef, “Dilemmas of Indonesian Communism,” Pacific Affairs 35, no. 2(Summer, 1962):141–59;Jan Elliott, “Bersatoe Kita Berdiri Bertjerai Kita Djatoeh”[United We Stand Divided We Fall], Workers and Unions in Indonesia: Jakarta 1945–1965 (PhD Diss.,University of New South Wales, 1997);Vedi Hadiz, Workers and the State in New Order Indonesia(:Routledge, 1997);Elaine Capizzi, “Trade Unions under the New Order,”inRepression and Exploitation in Indonesia, ed. British Indonesia Committee (:Basic Books, 1974), 35–49;Robert Lambert, ed., State and Labour in New Order Indonesia(:University of Western Australia Press, 1997). Google Scholar

8.Hindley, Communist Party of Indonesia, 133. Google Scholar

9.Takashi Shiraishi, An Age in Motion: Popular Radicalism in Java, 1912–1926(:Cornell University Press, 1990);John Ingleson, In Search of Justice: Workers and Unions in Colonial Java, 1908–1926(:Oxford University Press, 1986). Google Scholar

10.Adam Soepardjan, “Dengan Gerakan Buruh yang Memiliki Kesadaran Kelasnya Menudju Masyarakat Sosialis,”24 October2000(paper presented at Workshop-Training tentang Manajemen Serikat Buruh organised by Kelompok Kerja Humanika Surabaya in Kaliurang, Yogyakarta, 26–29 October2000), Adam Soepardjan Papers, ARCH02469, International Institute of Social History, Amsterdam. Google Scholar

11.On the campaign for Indonesian independence in Australia of which the black bans were a part, seeJan Lingard, Refugees and Rebels: Indonesian Exiles in Australia(:Australian Scholarly Publishing, 2008). According to Lockwood, black bans on Dutch ships held up to 500 ships in Australian waters between 1946 and 1947; seeRupert Lockwood, Black Armada: Australia and the Struggle for Indonesian Independence 1942–49(:Hale and Iremonger, 1982) cited inGoodall, “Uneasy Comrades,” 212; see alsoBrian Fitzpatrick andRowan Cahill, The Seamen’s Union of Australia 1872–1972: A History(:Seamen’s Union of Australia, 1981). Google Scholar

12.Thomas Lindblad, Bridges to New Business: The Economic Decolonization of Indonesia(:KITLV Press, 2008), 74. Google Scholar

13.Odd Arne Westad, The Global Cold War(:Cambridge University Press, 2007), 90. Google Scholar

14. Ibid., 90–97. Google Scholar

15.Hadiz, Workers and the State, 48. Google Scholar

16.Lindblad, Bridges to New Business, 77. Google Scholar

17. Ibid., 125. Google Scholar

18.Jafar Suryomenggolo, Organising under the Revolution: Unions and the State in Java, 1945–48(;NUS Press, 2013), 164–65. Google Scholar

19.Dwight Y. King, Interest Groups and Political Linkage in Indonesia, 1800–1965(:Centre for Southeast Asian Studies, Northern Illinois University, Special Report, no. 20, 1982), 114, cited inHadiz, Workers and the State, 49. Google Scholar

20.Walter Galenson, Labor in Developing Economies(:Institute of Industrial Relations, University of California, 1962), 101. Google Scholar

21. Ibid., 101. Google Scholar

23. Texts and Documents Adopted by the Fifth World Trade Union Congress, Moscow, 4–15 December, 1961(:WFTU Publications), IISG Int 3305/30,International Institute of Social History,. Google Scholar

24.“Kongres GSS Sokong Irian Barat,” Bendera Buruh(hereafterBB) 7, no. 9(15 October1957):1. Google Scholar

25.Suar Suroso, Akar dan Dalang: Pembantaian Manusia Tak Berdosa dan Penggulingan Bung Karno(:Ultimus, 2013), 133. Google Scholar

26.See, for example,“National Day 1959,” Peking Review 40(6 October1959), 12reporting Sugiri as WFTU delegation head to Chinese National Day celebrations in Beijing in 1959. Google Scholar

27.Ruslan Vidjajasastra, The Development of the Trade Union Movement in the Colonial and Semi-Colonial Countries, report presented at the Third World Trade Union Congress, Vienna, 10–21 October1953(:WFTU Publications, 1954). Google Scholar

28.“Berusaha Terus Meluaskan Ide KBAA,” BB 7, no. 7/8(30 September1957):6–7. Google Scholar

29. Letters from SOBSI to Foreign Friends(:National Council of SOBSI), 1 June1961and 1 November 1961 referred to letters being sent to the US government to stop the blockade of Cuba and the release from government custody of South African trade unionist Levy Loon. Google Scholar

30. Ibid., various dates. Written in English in letter form and running up to 12 pages at a time, it reported industrial and political events in Indonesia in the first few pages, then concluded with several pages on SOBSI’s international work including motions and resolutions passed by member unions on international issues and members’ participation in overseas meetings and conferences. Google Scholar

31.“Giatkan Pengumpulan Tandatangan Menentang Perang Atoom,” Buletin SOBSI 2, no. 3(5 May1955):3. Google Scholar

32.These unions included the metalworkers’ union (Serikat Buruh Industri Metal, SBIM), plantation union (Sarbupri), the sugar mill union (Serikat Buruh Gula, SBG) and the forestry workers’ union (Serikat Buruh Kehutanan Seluruh Indonesia, Sarbuksi). Seeibid. Google Scholar

33. Ibid. Google Scholar

34.“Stop Peledakan2 Bom A dan H,” BB 4, no. 10(30 May1956):6. Google Scholar

35.“Berita Singkat Luar Negeri,” BB 7, no. 1(22 May1957):4. Google Scholar

36.S. W. Kuntjahjo, “IbuKota Menentang Bom A-H,” BB 8, no. 5(15 August1958):8. Google Scholar

37. Ibid. Google Scholar

38. Letters from SOBSI to Foreign Friends, September1963. Google Scholar

39. “Stop Peledakan2 Bom A dan H.” Google Scholar

40.S. W. Kuntjahjo, “Bulan Perdamaian di Indonesia,” BB 8, no. 10/11(20 November1958):1. Google Scholar

41. Ibid. Google Scholar

42.Sugiri, “Bahaja SEATO,” BB 7, no. 38(3 April1957):7. Google Scholar

43.See for exampleS. W. Kuntjahjo, “Pabrik Traktor ‘Ernst Thalmann,’” BB 6, no. 37(20 March1957):3;“Menindjau Pabrik ‘Ernst Thalman,’” BB 7, no. 15/16(20 February1958):7; and“Hidup di Republik Rakjat Tiongkok,” BB 7, no. 15/16(20 February1958):6. Google Scholar

44.“Di Sovjet Uni,” BB 6, no. 37(20 March1957):5. Google Scholar

45.“Di Amerika Tingkat Hidup Rakjat Turun,” BB 7, no. 15/16(20 February1958):7; and“Satu Bulan Tambah ½ Djuta Penganggur,” BB 7, no. 15/16(20 February1958):7. Google Scholar

46.Hong Liu, China and the Shaping of Indonesia, 1949–65(:NUS Press, 2011). Google Scholar

47.“Dari Dunia Baru: 1 Mei di Peking,” BB 7, no. 1(22 May1957):5. Google Scholar

48.Kadis Margono, “Tiongkok Madju Lontjat,” BB 6, no. 3(15 August1958):3. Google Scholar

49.“Laporan Delegasi GSS Tentang Hongaria,” BB 7, no. 3(10 July1957):7–8. Google Scholar

50.“Laporan Delegasi GSS Tentang Hongaria,” BB 6, no. 38(3 April1957):7. Google Scholar

51.“Djamila dan Teman2 Seperdjuangannja,” BB 7, no. 19/20(30 April1958):5;Moh Arkan, “Djamila Gadis Aldjazair,” BB 7, no. 19/20(30 April1958):7. Google Scholar

52.“Resolusi GSS: Sidang ke XIII Eksekutip GSS Tentang Kegiatan2 GSS dan Persiapan Untuk Kongres Serikatburuh Sedunia,” BB 6, no. 35(26 February1957):3. Google Scholar

53.“Bebaskan Patriot Djamila Dkk,” BB 7, no. 15/16(20 Feb1958):3. Google Scholar

54. Ibid. Google Scholar

55.“Untuk Solidaritet Perdjuangan Kaum Buruh dan Rakjat Aldjazair,” BB 8, no. 8/9(30 October1958):1. Listed were unions from Jordan, Lebanon, United Arab Republic, Soviet Union, Sudan, China, Italy, Democratic Republic of Vietnam, Ceylon, Cyprus, Morocco, India, Iraq, and Yugoslavia. Google Scholar

56. Ibid., 1. Google Scholar

57. Ibid., 5. Google Scholar

58.Disagreements among key countries including China, India and Indonesia as well a 1965 military coup led by Boumedienne resulted in the conference being postponed and then cancelled altogether.Jeffrey James Byrne, Mecca of Revolution: Algeria, Decolonization, and the Third World Order(:Oxford University Press, 2016), 286. Google Scholar

59.“Bebaskan Djamila,” and “Bebaskan Irian,” BB 7, no. 17(15 March1958):5. Google Scholar

60.F. Runturambi, “SOBSI dan Solidaritet Internasional,” Buletin SOBSI 2, no. 13/14/15(1955):32. Google Scholar

61.“Indonesia – Sovjet Uni,” and “Indonesia – Tiongkok,” BB 8, no. 3/4(30 June1958):5. Google Scholar

62.Karjono, “Konferensi Internasional: Serikatburuh2 Tekstil-Kulit-Pakaian: Masalah Perdjuangan Irian Barat Ditjantumkan dalam Resolusi Umum,” BB 8, no. 8/9(30 October1958):9. Google Scholar

63.“Tarik Kembali Tentara Agresor Dari Wilajah Mesir,” BB 6, no. 28(21 November1956):1. Google Scholar

64.Mardjoko, “Tingkat Baru Dalam Perkembangan Kerdjasama kaum Buruh dan Rakjat Asia-Afrika,” BB 4, no. 24(3 October1956):2. Google Scholar

65.“Telegram Kongres Serikat Buruh Mesir,” BB 6, no. 23(26 September1956):6. Google Scholar

66.“Kaum Buruh Indonesia Djuga Menjokong Mesir,” BB 6, no. 23(26 September1956):6. Google Scholar

67.“Pergiat Tuntutan2 Untuk Menarik Tentara Agresor Inggris-Prantjis dari Mesir,” BB 6, no. 29(5 December1956):5. Google Scholar

68.Westad, Global Cold War, 126. Google Scholar

69.“Kaum Buruh Indonesia Mengutuk Intervensi Asing di Libanon,” BB 8, no. 5(15 August1958):1. Google Scholar

70.“Kronik Dalam dan Luar Negeri, BB 8, no. 5(15 August1958):3. Google Scholar

71.Bradley Simpson, Economists with Guns: Authoritarian Development and U.S.-Indonesian Relations, 1960–1968(:Stanford University Press, 2008), 32–34. Google Scholar

72.“Kronik Dalam dan Luar Negeri,” BB 8, no. 1/2(30 May1958):4. Google Scholar

73.Everett D. Hawkins, “Labour in Transition,”inIndonesia, ed.,Ruth McVey(:Yale University Press, 1963), cited inHadiz, Workers and the State, 50. Google Scholar

74.Hadiz, Workers and the State, 47. Google Scholar

75.Hindley, Communist Party of Indonesia, 138. Google Scholar

76.Vedi Hadiz, “State and Labour in the Early New Order,”inState and Labour in New Order Indonesia, ed.Robert Lambert(:University of Western Australia Press, 1997), 29. Google Scholar

77.David Reeve, Golkar of Indonesia: An Alternative to the Party System(:Oxford University Press, 1985). Google Scholar

78.“Survey of Recent Developments,” Bulletin of Indonesian Economic Studies 1, no. 1(1965):6. Google Scholar

79. Letters from SOBSI to Foreign Friends, May1963, 1–2discuss cases of wage disputes in Tegal, Central Java, and cases of hoarding and demands for distribution of rice, textiles, kerosene and rice in addition to 100 per cent wage increases in the plantation sector by all unions active in the sector. Google Scholar

80. Tuntutan SOBSI untuk Sandang Pangan dan Demokrasi(:Kongres Nasional SOBSI, 1960), 49–54. Google Scholar

81. Biar Andjing Menggonggong, Hajo Madju Terus, a speech by Njono, Chairperson of the SOBSI National Council, 29 November1962(:Badan Penerbit Dewan Nasional SOBSI), 14–16.Letters from SOBSI to Foreign Friends, May1963, 2–3referred to the demand to “retool” a director of the State Electrical Commission, Andi Junde in Makasar, South Sulawesi for beating up workers who protested against the dismissal of another and demands for the “retooling” of a director of the Pakin shipbuilding company for being hostile to the union. Google Scholar

82. Letters from SOBSI to Foreign Friends, 1 November1961, 6; andibid., March1964, 5. Google Scholar

83.SeeWestad, Global Cold War, 187–88on deteriorating relations between the PKI and the Soviet Union from1964. Google Scholar

84.Victor Devinatz, “A Cold War Thaw in the International Working Class Movement? The World Federation of Trade Unions and the International Confederation of Free Trade Unions, 1967–1977,” Science and Society 77, no. 3(July2013):359. Google Scholar

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87. Ibid. Google Scholar

88. Letters from SOBSI to Foreign Friends, September1963, 8. Google Scholar

89.Jamie S. Davidson andDouglas Kammen, “Indonesia’s Unknown War and the Lineages of Violence in West Kalimantan,” Indonesia, no. 73(April2002):56. Google Scholar

90.Nicholas J. White, “Surviving Sukarno: British Business in Post-Colonial Indonesia, 1950–1967,” Modern Asian Studies 46, no. 5(September2012):1296–1301. Google Scholar

91. Letters from SOBSI to Foreign Friends, March1964, 1. Google Scholar

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94. Ibid. Google Scholar

95. Ibid., 65and147. Google Scholar

96.Westad, Global Cold War, 187–88. Google Scholar

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102.WFTU, The WFTU Outlines for the Future: 16th Session of the General Council, Sofia, 6–9 December, 1966(:WFTU, 1967), 35. Google Scholar

103. Ibid. Google Scholar

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