Footnotes
*This research is part of a larger project with co-researcher Associate Professor Katharine McGregor (University of Melbourne) on Indonesians’ transnational activism during the Sukarno era (1949–66). The author acknowledges research funding received from the Australia-Netherlands Research Collaboration, the Norman Macgeorge Scholarship, the University of Melbourne’s Human Rights Scholarship and the University of Sydney’s Faculty Research Support Scheme. The author wishes to thank Vivian Honan for her research assistance, Diane Kirkby, Adrian Vickers, Annie Pohlman andLabour History‘s two anonymous referees.
1.See for exampleGeorge E. Lichtblau, “The Communist Labor Offensive in Former Colonial Countries,” Industrial and Labor Relations Review 15, no. 3(1962), 376–401. Lichtblau suggests that the WFTU and its affiliates were overall compliant to the wishes and directions of the Soviet Union.
2.Francisca De Haan, “Continuing Cold War Paradigms in Western Historiography of Transnational Women’s Organisations: The Case of the Women’s International Democratic Federation (WIDF),” Women’s History Review 19, no. 4(September2010):553.
3. Ibid.
4.Francisca De Haan, “Eugénie Cotton, Pak Chong-Ae, and Claudia Jones: Rethinking Transnational Feminism and International Politics,” Journal of Women’s History 25, no. 4(2013):178.
5.Heather Goodall, “Uneasy Comrades: Tuk Subianto, Eliot V. Elliot and the Cold War,” Indonesia and the Malay World 40, no. 117(2012):210.
6.See alsoKatharine McGregor, “Indonesian Women, the Women’s International Democratic Federation and the Struggle for ‘Women’s Rights,’ 1946–1965,” Indonesia and the Malay World 40, no. 117(2012):193–208;Heather Goodall, “Lucy Woodcock’s Transnationalism: Connecting Feminism, Trade Unionism, Education and the Peace Movement”(paper presented at the Australian Historical Association Conference,University of Wollongong, 10 July2013).
7.These includeDonald Hindley, The Communist Party of Indonesia 1951–1963(:University of California Press, 1966);Justus M. van der Kroef, “Dilemmas of Indonesian Communism,” Pacific Affairs 35, no. 2(Summer, 1962):141–59;Jan Elliott, “Bersatoe Kita Berdiri Bertjerai Kita Djatoeh”[United We Stand Divided We Fall], Workers and Unions in Indonesia: Jakarta 1945–1965 (PhD Diss.,University of New South Wales, 1997);Vedi Hadiz, Workers and the State in New Order Indonesia(:Routledge, 1997);Elaine Capizzi, “Trade Unions under the New Order,”inRepression and Exploitation in Indonesia, ed. British Indonesia Committee (:Basic Books, 1974), 35–49;Robert Lambert, ed., State and Labour in New Order Indonesia(:University of Western Australia Press, 1997).
8.Hindley, Communist Party of Indonesia, 133.
9.Takashi Shiraishi, An Age in Motion: Popular Radicalism in Java, 1912–1926(:Cornell University Press, 1990);John Ingleson, In Search of Justice: Workers and Unions in Colonial Java, 1908–1926(:Oxford University Press, 1986).
10.Adam Soepardjan, “Dengan Gerakan Buruh yang Memiliki Kesadaran Kelasnya Menudju Masyarakat Sosialis,”24 October2000(paper presented at Workshop-Training tentang Manajemen Serikat Buruh organised by Kelompok Kerja Humanika Surabaya in Kaliurang, Yogyakarta, 26–29 October2000), Adam Soepardjan Papers, ARCH02469, International Institute of Social History, Amsterdam.
11.On the campaign for Indonesian independence in Australia of which the black bans were a part, seeJan Lingard, Refugees and Rebels: Indonesian Exiles in Australia(:Australian Scholarly Publishing, 2008). According to Lockwood, black bans on Dutch ships held up to 500 ships in Australian waters between 1946 and 1947; seeRupert Lockwood, Black Armada: Australia and the Struggle for Indonesian Independence 1942–49(:Hale and Iremonger, 1982) cited inGoodall, “Uneasy Comrades,” 212; see alsoBrian Fitzpatrick andRowan Cahill, The Seamen’s Union of Australia 1872–1972: A History(:Seamen’s Union of Australia, 1981).
12.Thomas Lindblad, Bridges to New Business: The Economic Decolonization of Indonesia(:KITLV Press, 2008), 74.
13.Odd Arne Westad, The Global Cold War(:Cambridge University Press, 2007), 90.
14. Ibid., 90–97.
15.Hadiz, Workers and the State, 48.
16.Lindblad, Bridges to New Business, 77.
17. Ibid., 125.
18.Jafar Suryomenggolo, Organising under the Revolution: Unions and the State in Java, 1945–48(;NUS Press, 2013), 164–65.
19.Dwight Y. King, Interest Groups and Political Linkage in Indonesia, 1800–1965(:Centre for Southeast Asian Studies, Northern Illinois University, Special Report, no. 20, 1982), 114, cited inHadiz, Workers and the State, 49.
20.Walter Galenson, Labor in Developing Economies(:Institute of Industrial Relations, University of California, 1962), 101.
21. Ibid., 101.
23. Texts and Documents Adopted by the Fifth World Trade Union Congress, Moscow, 4–15 December, 1961(:WFTU Publications), IISG Int 3305/30,International Institute of Social History,.
24.“Kongres GSS Sokong Irian Barat,” Bendera Buruh(hereafterBB) 7, no. 9(15 October1957):1.
25.Suar Suroso, Akar dan Dalang: Pembantaian Manusia Tak Berdosa dan Penggulingan Bung Karno(:Ultimus, 2013), 133.
26.See, for example,“National Day 1959,” Peking Review 40(6 October1959), 12reporting Sugiri as WFTU delegation head to Chinese National Day celebrations in Beijing in 1959.
27.Ruslan Vidjajasastra, The Development of the Trade Union Movement in the Colonial and Semi-Colonial Countries, report presented at the Third World Trade Union Congress, Vienna, 10–21 October1953(:WFTU Publications, 1954).
28.“Berusaha Terus Meluaskan Ide KBAA,” BB 7, no. 7/8(30 September1957):6–7.
29. Letters from SOBSI to Foreign Friends(:National Council of SOBSI), 1 June1961and 1 November 1961 referred to letters being sent to the US government to stop the blockade of Cuba and the release from government custody of South African trade unionist Levy Loon.
30. Ibid., various dates. Written in English in letter form and running up to 12 pages at a time, it reported industrial and political events in Indonesia in the first few pages, then concluded with several pages on SOBSI’s international work including motions and resolutions passed by member unions on international issues and members’ participation in overseas meetings and conferences.
31.“Giatkan Pengumpulan Tandatangan Menentang Perang Atoom,” Buletin SOBSI 2, no. 3(5 May1955):3.
32.These unions included the metalworkers’ union (Serikat Buruh Industri Metal, SBIM), plantation union (Sarbupri), the sugar mill union (Serikat Buruh Gula, SBG) and the forestry workers’ union (Serikat Buruh Kehutanan Seluruh Indonesia, Sarbuksi). Seeibid.
33. Ibid.
34.“Stop Peledakan2 Bom A dan H,” BB 4, no. 10(30 May1956):6.
35.“Berita Singkat Luar Negeri,” BB 7, no. 1(22 May1957):4.
36.S. W. Kuntjahjo, “IbuKota Menentang Bom A-H,” BB 8, no. 5(15 August1958):8.
37. Ibid.
38. Letters from SOBSI to Foreign Friends, September1963.
39. “Stop Peledakan2 Bom A dan H.”
40.S. W. Kuntjahjo, “Bulan Perdamaian di Indonesia,” BB 8, no. 10/11(20 November1958):1.
41. Ibid.
42.Sugiri, “Bahaja SEATO,” BB 7, no. 38(3 April1957):7.
43.See for exampleS. W. Kuntjahjo, “Pabrik Traktor ‘Ernst Thalmann,’” BB 6, no. 37(20 March1957):3;“Menindjau Pabrik ‘Ernst Thalman,’” BB 7, no. 15/16(20 February1958):7; and“Hidup di Republik Rakjat Tiongkok,” BB 7, no. 15/16(20 February1958):6.
44.“Di Sovjet Uni,” BB 6, no. 37(20 March1957):5.
45.“Di Amerika Tingkat Hidup Rakjat Turun,” BB 7, no. 15/16(20 February1958):7; and“Satu Bulan Tambah ½ Djuta Penganggur,” BB 7, no. 15/16(20 February1958):7.
46.Hong Liu, China and the Shaping of Indonesia, 1949–65(:NUS Press, 2011).
47.“Dari Dunia Baru: 1 Mei di Peking,” BB 7, no. 1(22 May1957):5.
48.Kadis Margono, “Tiongkok Madju Lontjat,” BB 6, no. 3(15 August1958):3.
49.“Laporan Delegasi GSS Tentang Hongaria,” BB 7, no. 3(10 July1957):7–8.
50.“Laporan Delegasi GSS Tentang Hongaria,” BB 6, no. 38(3 April1957):7.
51.“Djamila dan Teman2 Seperdjuangannja,” BB 7, no. 19/20(30 April1958):5;Moh Arkan, “Djamila Gadis Aldjazair,” BB 7, no. 19/20(30 April1958):7.
52.“Resolusi GSS: Sidang ke XIII Eksekutip GSS Tentang Kegiatan2 GSS dan Persiapan Untuk Kongres Serikatburuh Sedunia,” BB 6, no. 35(26 February1957):3.
53.“Bebaskan Patriot Djamila Dkk,” BB 7, no. 15/16(20 Feb1958):3.
54. Ibid.
55.“Untuk Solidaritet Perdjuangan Kaum Buruh dan Rakjat Aldjazair,” BB 8, no. 8/9(30 October1958):1. Listed were unions from Jordan, Lebanon, United Arab Republic, Soviet Union, Sudan, China, Italy, Democratic Republic of Vietnam, Ceylon, Cyprus, Morocco, India, Iraq, and Yugoslavia.
56. Ibid., 1.
57. Ibid., 5.
58.Disagreements among key countries including China, India and Indonesia as well a 1965 military coup led by Boumedienne resulted in the conference being postponed and then cancelled altogether.Jeffrey James Byrne, Mecca of Revolution: Algeria, Decolonization, and the Third World Order(:Oxford University Press, 2016), 286.
59.“Bebaskan Djamila,” and “Bebaskan Irian,” BB 7, no. 17(15 March1958):5.
60.F. Runturambi, “SOBSI dan Solidaritet Internasional,” Buletin SOBSI 2, no. 13/14/15(1955):32.
61.“Indonesia – Sovjet Uni,” and “Indonesia – Tiongkok,” BB 8, no. 3/4(30 June1958):5.
62.Karjono, “Konferensi Internasional: Serikatburuh2 Tekstil-Kulit-Pakaian: Masalah Perdjuangan Irian Barat Ditjantumkan dalam Resolusi Umum,” BB 8, no. 8/9(30 October1958):9.
63.“Tarik Kembali Tentara Agresor Dari Wilajah Mesir,” BB 6, no. 28(21 November1956):1.
64.Mardjoko, “Tingkat Baru Dalam Perkembangan Kerdjasama kaum Buruh dan Rakjat Asia-Afrika,” BB 4, no. 24(3 October1956):2.
65.“Telegram Kongres Serikat Buruh Mesir,” BB 6, no. 23(26 September1956):6.
66.“Kaum Buruh Indonesia Djuga Menjokong Mesir,” BB 6, no. 23(26 September1956):6.
67.“Pergiat Tuntutan2 Untuk Menarik Tentara Agresor Inggris-Prantjis dari Mesir,” BB 6, no. 29(5 December1956):5.
68.Westad, Global Cold War, 126.
69.“Kaum Buruh Indonesia Mengutuk Intervensi Asing di Libanon,” BB 8, no. 5(15 August1958):1.
70.“Kronik Dalam dan Luar Negeri, BB 8, no. 5(15 August1958):3.
71.Bradley Simpson, Economists with Guns: Authoritarian Development and U.S.-Indonesian Relations, 1960–1968(:Stanford University Press, 2008), 32–34.
72.“Kronik Dalam dan Luar Negeri,” BB 8, no. 1/2(30 May1958):4.
73.Everett D. Hawkins, “Labour in Transition,”inIndonesia, ed.,Ruth McVey(:Yale University Press, 1963), cited inHadiz, Workers and the State, 50.
74.Hadiz, Workers and the State, 47.
75.Hindley, Communist Party of Indonesia, 138.
76.Vedi Hadiz, “State and Labour in the Early New Order,”inState and Labour in New Order Indonesia, ed.Robert Lambert(:University of Western Australia Press, 1997), 29.
77.David Reeve, Golkar of Indonesia: An Alternative to the Party System(:Oxford University Press, 1985).
78.“Survey of Recent Developments,” Bulletin of Indonesian Economic Studies 1, no. 1(1965):6.
79. Letters from SOBSI to Foreign Friends, May1963, 1–2discuss cases of wage disputes in Tegal, Central Java, and cases of hoarding and demands for distribution of rice, textiles, kerosene and rice in addition to 100 per cent wage increases in the plantation sector by all unions active in the sector.
80. Tuntutan SOBSI untuk Sandang Pangan dan Demokrasi(:Kongres Nasional SOBSI, 1960), 49–54.
81. Biar Andjing Menggonggong, Hajo Madju Terus, a speech by Njono, Chairperson of the SOBSI National Council, 29 November1962(:Badan Penerbit Dewan Nasional SOBSI), 14–16.Letters from SOBSI to Foreign Friends, May1963, 2–3referred to the demand to “retool” a director of the State Electrical Commission, Andi Junde in Makasar, South Sulawesi for beating up workers who protested against the dismissal of another and demands for the “retooling” of a director of the Pakin shipbuilding company for being hostile to the union.
82. Letters from SOBSI to Foreign Friends, 1 November1961, 6; andibid., March1964, 5.
83.SeeWestad, Global Cold War, 187–88on deteriorating relations between the PKI and the Soviet Union from1964.
84.Victor Devinatz, “A Cold War Thaw in the International Working Class Movement? The World Federation of Trade Unions and the International Confederation of Free Trade Unions, 1967–1977,” Science and Society 77, no. 3(July2013):359.
86. Ibid.
87. Ibid.
88. Letters from SOBSI to Foreign Friends, September1963, 8.
89.Jamie S. Davidson andDouglas Kammen, “Indonesia’s Unknown War and the Lineages of Violence in West Kalimantan,” Indonesia, no. 73(April2002):56.
90.Nicholas J. White, “Surviving Sukarno: British Business in Post-Colonial Indonesia, 1950–1967,” Modern Asian Studies 46, no. 5(September2012):1296–1301.
91. Letters from SOBSI to Foreign Friends, March1964, 1.
92. Ibid.
93.John Roosa, Pretext for Mass Murder: The September 30th Movement and Suharto’s Coup d’etat in Indonesia(:University of Wisconsin Press, 2006), 3.
94. Ibid.
95. Ibid., 65and147.
96.Westad, Global Cold War, 187–88.
97. Decisions and Resolutions: 6th World Trade Union Congress, Warsaw, October 8–22, 1965(:Tribüne Printing Works, 1965), 21;Devinatz, “A Cold War Thaw,” 359.
98.Devinatz, “A Cold War Thaw,” 358–59.
99.Rizal Sukma, Indonesia and China: The Politics of a Troubled Relationship(:Routledge, 1999).
100. The World Federation of Trade Unions and Vietnamvarious issues published by the World Federation of Trade Unions,, 1966–69.
101. Against Colonialism and Aggression in Vietnam: 6th World Trade Union Congress. Warsaw, 8–22 October 1965(:Tribüne Printing Works, 1965).
102.WFTU, The WFTU Outlines for the Future: 16th Session of the General Council, Sofia, 6–9 December, 1966(:WFTU, 1967), 35.
103. Ibid.