Labour History

Footnotes

*The author would like to sincerely thank Georgine Clarsen, Frances Steel, Matthew Bailey, Jonathan Symons, andLabour History‘s two anonymous referees, for their valuable comments on earlier versions of this paper. Google Scholar

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2. Commonwealth Arbitration Reports 6(1912):61;Edna Ryan andAnne Conlon, Gentle Invaders: Australian Women at Work(:Penguin, 1989), 98–100. Google Scholar

3.See for example,Jane Carey, “Departing from Their Sphere? Australian Women in Science, 1880–1960,”inDepartures: How Australia Reinvents Itself, ed.Xavier Pons(:Melbourne University Press, 2002), 175–83;Jane Carey, “A Transnational Project? Women and Gender in the Social Sciences in Australia, 1890–1945,” Women’s History Review 18, no. 1(2009):45–69;Bronwyn Hanna, “Australia’s Early Women Architects: Milestones and Achievements,” Fabrications 12, no. 1(2002):27–57;Kathie Cooper, “Accounting by Women: Fear, Favour and the Path to Professional Recognition for Australian Women Accountants,” Accounting History 15, no. 3(2010):309–36. Google Scholar

4.Henry Mayer, The Press in Australia(:Lansdowne, 1964);Clem Lloyd, Profession: Journalist;R. B. Walker, Yesterday’s News: A History of the Newspaper Press in New South Wales from 1920 to 1945(:Sydney University Press, 1980). For a comprehensive study of early women journalists, seePatricia Clarke, Pen Portraits: Women Writers and Journalists in Nineteenth Century Australia(:Allen & Unwin, 1988). For historical overviews of women in the Australian media, seePatricia Clarke, “Women in the Media,”inA Companion to the Australian Media, ed.Bridget Griffen-Foley(:Australian Scholarly Publishing, 2014), 495–98;Barbara Lemon, “Women Journalists in Australian History,”The Women’s Pages: Australian Women and Journalism since 1850,Australian Women’s Archive Project, accessed March2015,http://www.womenaustralia.info/exhib/cal/intro.html;Louise North, “Media Print News,”inThe Encyclopedia of Women and Leadership in Twentieth-Century Australia, accessed March2015,http://www.womenaustralia.info/leaders/biogs/WLE0435b.htm. Google Scholar

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7.See for example,Bridget Griffen-Foley, The House of Packer: The Making of a Media Empire(:Allen & Unwin, 1999);Gavin Souter, Company of Heralds: A Century and a Half of Australian Publishing by John Fairfax Limited and Its Predecessors, 1831–1981(:Melbourne University Press, 1981);Patricia Rolfe, The Journalistic Javelin : An Illustrated History of the Bulletin(:Wildcat Press; distributed by Golden Press, 1979). Google Scholar

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11.The distinct role of the reporter was to gather the news in the field, such as by interviewing, attending meetings or observing court cases. Charles H. Wickens and Commonwealth Bureau of Census and Statistics (Australia), Census of the Commonwealth of Australia Taken for the Night Between the 3rd and 4th April, 1921(:Government Printer, [1925–27]);Marianne Salcetti, “The Emergence of the Reporter: Mechanization and the Devaluation of Editorial Workers,”inNewsworkers: Toward a History of the Rank and File, ed.Hanno Hardt andBonnie Brennen(:University of Minnesota Press, 1995), 56–7. Google Scholar

12.Beverley Kingston, My Wife, My Daughter and Poor Mary Ann(:Nelson, 1977), 61. Google Scholar

13.The figure for nurses includes the following sub-categories: 922 (hospital), 923 (mothercraft and child), 924 (hospital probationer), 938 (private), 939 (maternity and midwife), and excludes matrons. Commonwealth Bureau of Census and Statistics (Australia), Census of the Commonwealth of Australia, 30th June, 1933(:Commonwealth Government Printer, 1933). Google Scholar

14.Lloyd, Profession: Journalist, 29. Google Scholar

15.Ibid., 296;Mayer, The Press in Australia, 191. Google Scholar

16.Hamilton, “Journalists, Gender and Workplace Culture,” 100–101. Google Scholar

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18.Tess Van Sommers interviewed by Hazel de Berg (sound recording), 8 March1976, ORAL TRC 1/919, NLA. Google Scholar

19.Margaret Curtis-Otter interviewed by Hazel de Berg (sound recording), 6 December1975, ORAL TRC 1/906–907, NLA. Google Scholar

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24.The University of Queensland initially offered a Diploma for Journalism, which became a Diploma in Journalism in 1934.Rod Kirkpatrick, “Diploma to Degree: 75 Years of Tertiary Journalism Studies,” Australian Studies in Journalism 5(1996):257–59;Minute Book, Diploma in Journalism Committee 1920–49, UM26,University of Melbourne Archives. Google Scholar

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27. Journalist, 24 September1928;Clifford Turney,Ursula Bygott, andPeter Chippendale, Australia’s First: A History of the University of Sydney, vol. 1, 1850–1939(:University of Sydney in association with Hale & Iremonger, 1991), 478–79. Google Scholar

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30.Lynn Beaton, “The Importance of Women’s Paid Labour: Women at Work in World War II,”inWorth Her Salt: Women at Work in Australia, ed.Margaret Bevege,Margaret James, andCarmel Shute(:Hale & Iremonger, 1982), 85–86;Kingston, My Wife, My Daughter, 62. Google Scholar

31.Lloyd, Profession: Journalist, 84. Google Scholar

32.The Menzies award of 1927 provided for a simplified grade system, from A to D.Ibid., 161. Google Scholar

33.Kay Whitehead, “Careers Advice for Women and the Shaping of Identities,” Labour History, no. 92(May2007):60. Google Scholar

34. Journalist, 18 January1929, 14;R. B. Walker, The Newspaper Press in New South Wales 1803–1920(:Sydney University Press, 1976), 162, 242. Google Scholar

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36.Ibid., 15 December1916, 326. Google Scholar

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44.For example, Frances Taylor was founder and managing editor ofWoman’s World1921–33, and Florence Taylor became the sole publisher and editor of three construction/engineering periodicals in1928, following the death of her husband George Taylor.Christa Ludlow, “Taylor, Florence Mary (1879–1969),” ADB, accessed March2015,http://adb.anu.edu.au/biography/taylor-florence-mary-8754;Maya V. Tucker, “Taylor, Irene Frances (1890–1933),” ADB, accessed March2015,http://adb.anu.edu.au/biography/taylor-irene-frances-8761. For analysis of the continuing gender imbalance in senior roles in the Australian press, seeLouise North, “Women’s Struggle for Top Jobs in the News Media,”inSeizing the Initiative: Australian Women Leaders in Politics, Workplaces and Communities, ed.Rosemary Francis,Patricia Grimshaw andAnn Standish(:eScholarship Research Centre, University of Melbourne, 2012), 262–70. Google Scholar

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47.Hamilton, “Journalists, Gender, and Workplace Culture,” 111. Google Scholar

48.Full membership was finally granted to women in 1972.Lloyd, Profession: Journalist, 147;Don Angel, The History of the Journalists’ Club(:The Journalists’ Club, 1985), 152–53. Google Scholar

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59.The journal, which was the official organ of both the AJA and the New Zealand Journalists’ Association, changed its name to theJournalistin 1927.Australasian Journalist, 15 August1919, 136;Heather Roberts, “Mackay, Jessie,” Te Ara: The Encyclopedia of New Zealand, accessed March2015,http://www.TeAra.govt.nz/en/biographies/2m15/mackay-jessie. Google Scholar

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