Footnotes
1.Queensland Government, Seventh Census of Queensland, 1886(:Queensland Government Printer, 1887), 39–40;Queensland Government, Ninth Census of Queensland, 1901(:Queensland Government Printer, 1902), 258–277.
2.Bradley Bowden, “‘Some Mysterious Terror’: The Relationship between Capital and Labour in Ipswich, 1861–96,” Labour History, no. 72(May1997):77–100;Bradley Bowden, “A Time ‘the Like of Which was Never Before Experienced’: A Time the Like of Which was Never Before Experienced in Ipswich, 1900–12,” Labour History, no. 78(May2000):71–93;Barbara Webster, “A ‘Cosy Relationship’ If You Had It: Queensland Labor’s Arbitration System and Union Organising Strategies in Rockhampton, 1916–57,” Labour History, no. 83(November2002):89–106;Patrick Bertola andBobbie Oliver, eds, The Workshops: A History of the Midland Government Railway Workshops(:University of Western Australia Press, 2006);Greg Patmore, “Localism and Labour: Lithgow 1869–1932,” Labour History, no. 78(May2000):53–70;Lucy Taksa, “Politics, Industrial Heritage and Working Life at Eveleigh,” Labour History, no. 85(November2003):65–88.
3.Mark Hearn, Working Lives: A History of the Australian Railways Union, NSW Branch(:Hale & Iremonger, 1990);Greg Patmore, “The Origins of the National Union of Railwaymen,” Labour History, no. 43(November1982):44–52.
4.Geoff Robinson, When the Labor Party Dreams: Class, Politics and Policy in NSW 1930–32(:Australian Scholarly Publication, 2008);Jim Hagan andKen Turner, A History of the Labor Party in New South Wales 1891–1991(:Longman Cheshire, 1991).
5.Herbert Gutman, “Trouble on the Railroads in 1873–74: Prelude to the 1877 Crisis?” Labor History 2(1961):215;Herbert Gutman, Work, Culture, and Society in Industrializing America(:Alfred A. Knopf, 1976).
6.Shelton Stromquist, “Enginemen and Shopmen: Technological Change and the Organization of Labor in an Era of Railroad Expansion,” Labor History 24(1983):485–99;Shelton Stromquist, A Generation of Boomers: The Pattern of Railroad Labor Conflict in Nineteenth-Century America(:University of Illinois Press, 1987).
7. Seventh Census of Queensland, 1886, 180–93;Ninth Census of Queensland, 1901, 258–59.
8.Gutman, “Trouble on the Railroads”;Stromquist, Generation of Boomers;Nick Salvatore, “Railroad Workers and the Great Strike of 1877: The View from a Small Midwestern City,” Labor History 21(1980):522–45;David Papke, The Pullman Case: The Clash of Capital and Labor in Industrial America(:University of Kansas Press, 1991);Richard Schneirov,Shelton Stromquist andNick Salvatore, eds, The Pullman Strike and the Crisis of the 1890s(:University of Illinois Press, 1991).
9.Stromquist, Generation of Boomers, 30.
10.In particular,Bradon Ellem andJohn Shields, “Rethinking ‘Regional Industrial Relations’: Space, Place and the Social Relations at Work,” Journal of Industrial Relations 41, no. 4(1999):536–60;Bradon Ellem andSusan McGrath-Champ, “Labor Geography and Labor History: Insights and Outcomes from a Decade of Cross-Disciplinary Dialogue,” Labor History 53, no. 3(2012):355–72.
11.Shelton Stromquist, “Railroad Labor and the Global Economy: Historical Patterns,”inGlobal Labour History: A State of the Art, ed.Jan Lucassen(:Peter Lang, 2006), 623–48.
12.N. G. Butlin, Investment in Australian Economic Development 1861–1900(:ANU Press, 1972), 407–408.
13.C. Knick Harley, “Transportation, the World Wheat Trade and the Kuznets Cycle 1850–1913,” Explorations in Economic History 17(1980):218–50;Trevor Dick, “Canadian Wheat Production and Trade 1896–1930,” Explorations in Economic History 17(1980):275–302.
14.Paul Gates, The Illinois Central and its Colonization Work(:Harvard University Press, 1934);Albert Fishlow, American Railroads and the Transformation of the Ante-Bellum Economy(:Harvard University Press, 1965), 232–33.
15.Stromquist, Generation of Boomers, 13–14. Stromquist draws onJulius Grodinsky, The Iowa Pool: A Study in Railroad Competition 1870–84(:University of Chicago Press, 1950).
16. Queensland Parliamentary Debates(hereafterQPD) 55(1888):132.
17.Butlin, Investment in Australian Economic Development, 358.
18.W. G. Spence, Australia’s Awakening(:Worker Trustees, 1909), 268, 301.
19.Humphrey McQueen, “Foreword,”inRadical Brisbane, ed.Raymond Evans andCarole Ferrier(:Vulgar Press, 2004), 9;Carole Ferrier, “Afterword,”inEvans andFerrier, Radical Brisbane, 320.
20.D. B. Waterson, “Thomas McIlwraith,”inQueensland Political Portraits 1859–1952, ed.D. J. Murphy andR. B. Joyce(:Queensland University Press, 1978), 119–42.
21. QPD 55(1888):133.
22.Stromquist, “Railroad Labor,” 623–48;Butlin, Investment in Australian Economic Development, 407–408.
23.Maury Klein, Union Pacific, 1860–1893(:University of Minnesota Press, 2006), 34.
24.Calculated fromG. J. R. Linge, A Geography of Australian Manufacturing 1788 to 1890(:ANU Press, 1979), 210–11, 415–16, 594–95, 676–77. Conversion from sterling to US dollars via,http://www.measuringworth.com/.
25.C. H. Knibbs, Commonwealth Yearbook, 1919(:Commonwealth Printer, 1920), 98, 634.
27.Calculated from US Department of Commerce and Labor, Statistical Abstract of the United States, 1905(:Department of Commerce and Labor, 1906), 504;Henry Varnum Poor, Manual of the Railroads of the United States, 1902(:V. H. and H. V. Poor, 1903), vii–vii, L.
28.SeeBrian Fitzpatrick, A Short History of the Australian Labor Movement(:Macmillan, 1968), 113–15;Mark Hearn andHarry Knowles, One Big Union: A History of the Australian Workers Union 1886–1994(:Cambridge University Press, 1996), 26–27. In contradiction,Stuart Svensen, The Shearers War(:University of Queensland Press, 1989), 28.
29.Edgards Dunsdorfs, The Australian Wheat-Growing Industry 1788–1948(:Melbourne University Press, 1956), 115;Henry Wallace, Agricultural Prices(:Henry A. Wallace Publishing, 1930), 123–24.
30.For 1897–1901, Queensland statistics came from the Queensland Department of Agriculture’s Annual Reports, published inQueensland Votes & Proceedings(hereafterQVP). Earlier years are drawn from either Ministerial statements read into theQPDor fromPugh’s Almanac, accessed September 2015,http://www.textqueensland.com.au/pughs-almanac.
31.A. O. Herbert, “Rolling-Stock Ordered on Queensland Railways since 1879,” QVP 4(1883):1761–62.
32. Ninth Census of Queensland, 1901, x, 268–69.
33.Herbert, “Rolling-Stock,” 1761.
34.Robert Philp, “Select Committee Report into Management of Southern and Western Railway,” QVP 2(1877):476;F. Curnow, “Report of Queensland Railway Commissioner, 1886,” QVP 3(1887):1008–09.
36.John Mathieson, “Report of Queensland Railway Commissioners, 1890,” QVP 3(1891):481.
37.Queensland Government, Eighth Census of Queensland, 1891(:Queensland Government Printer, 1892), 188–89.
38. Seventh Census of Queensland, 1886, 180–93;Eighth Census of Queensland, 1891, 188–90;Ninth Census of Queensland, 1901, 264–66.
39. Ninth Census of Queensland, 1901, 258–59.
40. Ibid.
41.Stromquist, Generation of Boomers, 145.
42.Ronald Lawson, Brisbane in the 1890s(:Queensland University Press, 1973), 51, 321;Graeme Davison, “Explanations of Urban Radicalism: Old Theories and New Histories,” Australian Historical Studies, no. 70(April1978):68–87;John McCarty, “Australian Capital Cities in the Nineteenth Century,” Australian Economic History Review 10(September1970):107–37.
43.Lawson, Brisbane in the 1890s, 45, 61.
44.Bradley Bowden, “‘Harmony … between the Employer and Employed’: Employer Support for Union Formation in Brisbane, 1857–1890,” Labour History, no. 97(November2009):105–22.
45. Brisbane Courier, 23 August1890, 5.
46.Colin Hughes, “Labour in the electorates,”inPrelude to Power: The Rise of the Labour Party in Queensland 1885–1915, ed.D. J. Murphy(:Jacaranda Press, 1970), 76.
47.“Minutes of Evidence: Select Committee on the Railway Workshops,” QVP 2(1879):538–39.
48. Queensland Times, 5 August1886.
49. Boomerang, 18 January1890.
50.Bowden, “Some Mysterious Terror”;Bowden, “A Time the Like of Which.”
51. Brisbane Courier, 3 February1879, 2.
52.Cited inD. J. Murphy, “William Kidston,”inMurphy andJoyce, Queensland Political Portraits, 227.
53.Duncan Waterson, Squatter, Selector, and Storekeeper: A History of the Darling Downs 1859–93(:Sydney University Press, 1968), 80, 233, 265–68.
54. QPD 44(1886):594.
55. Queensland Times, 5 August1886;Bowden, “Some Mysterious Terror,” 90–91.
56. Queensland Government Gazette, 7 November1888, 861–71.
57. Boomerang, 1 June1889;Worker, 1 April1890, 15 June1889, 18 January1890, 10 August1889.
58.John Mathieson, “Report of Queensland Railway Commissioners, 1891–92,” QVP 3(1892)409.
59.Brisbane Worker, 8 August1891.
60. QPD 70(1894):122–25;Bowden, “Some Mysterious Terror,” 91.
61.See, in particular,Robert Higgs, “Railroad Rates and the Populist Uprising,” Agricultural History 44(1970):291–98.
62. QPD 60(1888):147.
63. QPD 52(1887):428.
64. Ibid.;QPD 64(1891):1367–70.
65.Mathieson, “Report of Queensland Railway Commissioners, 1891–92,” 492.
66. QPD 60(1888):147.
67. QPD 64(1891):366.
68. QPD 74(1895):1422.
69.Murphy, “William Kidston,” 221–61.
70.J. Hughes, “Queensland Agricultural and Pastoral Statistics, 1900,” QVP 4(1901):209–16.
71.The statistics cited are drawn from the annual reports inPugh’s Almanac, accessed September 2015,http://www.textqueensland.com.au/pughs-almanac.
72.John Merritt, The Making of the AWU(:Oxford University Press, 1986), 43–49, 128–29;Svensen, The Shearers War, 39–47.
73. QPD 74(1895):1419.
74.H. Kenway, “The Pastoral Strikes of 1891 and 1894,”inMurphy, Prelude to Power, 119.
75. Ibid.
76. Ibid., 123–24.
77.Stromquist, Generation of Boomers, 144–45.