Labour History

Footnotes

1.Neil Fligstein andRoberto Fernandez, “Worker Power, Firm Power and the Structure of Labour Markets,” The Sociological Quarterly 29, no.1(1988):5–28. Google Scholar

2.Bruce Curtis, “Product Markets and Labour Markets: The Paradox of Flexibility in the Export Meat Industry,”inLabour Employment and Work in New Zealand: Proceedings of the Fifth Conference, ed.Philip Morrison(:Department of Geography, Victoria University of Wellington, 1993), 65–71;Bruce Curtis, “Constructing Markets: Governance in the Meat and Dairy Industries of New Zealand,” Rural Society 9, no.2(1999): 491–503;Bruce Curtis, “Markets as Politics: The Case of the Meat Export Industry of New Zealand,”inRestructuring Global and Regional Agricultures: Transformations in Australasian Agri-food Economies and Spaces, ed.David Burch,Jasper Goss andGeoff Lawrence(:Ashgate, 1999), 177–88; Bruce Curtis, “Reforming New Zealand Agriculture,”International Journal of Sociology of Agriculture and Food 9, no.1(2001): 29–42; Bruce Curtis and James Reveley, “Producers, Processors and Unions: The Meat Producers Board and Labour Relations in the New Zealand Meat Industry, 1952–1971,”Australian Economic History Review 41, no.2(2001): 135–58. Somewhat similarly, at least in analytical intent, O’Leary and Sheldon focus on the meat industry in Australia, across a period later than this article, and ably demonstrate the twinned processes of global and local interaction and the unintended consequences this frequently generates. Patrick O’Leary and Peter Sheldon, “Strategic Choices and Unintended Consequences: Employer Militancy in Victoria’s Meat Industry, 1986–93,”Labour History, no.95(November2008): 223–42;Patrick O’Leary andPeter Sheldon, Employer Power and Weakness: How Local and Global Factors have Shaped Australia’s Meat Industry and its Industrial Relations(:Victorian Universities Regional Network Press, 2012). Google Scholar

3.Alfred D. Chandler, Scale and Scope: The Dynamics of Industrial Capitalism(:Belknap Press, 1990). Google Scholar

4.Tony Lane, “Farmers are Not Our Enemies,”inMeat Workers Struggles: Past, Present and Future, ed.Peter Rotherham(:Pilot Books, 1980), 23–25;Frank McNulty, There’s Money in Meat: The Story of the Freezing Industry in New Zealand(:Print Publishing Co. Ltd., 1958). This last provides differing communist perspectives on the trade union movements of the time. Google Scholar

5.James Troubridge Critchell andJoseph Raymond, A History of the Frozen Meat Trade(:Constable and Co., 1912). Google Scholar

6.Evan Willis, “Trade Union Reaction to Technological Change: The Introduction of the Chain System of Slaughtering in the Meat Export Industry,” Prometheus 3, no.1(1985):51–70. Google Scholar

7.Michael Barry, “A Bone of Contention: Managerial Initiative vs Employer Association Regulation of the New Zealand Meat Industry, 1960–75,” Labour History, no.84(May2003):69–87. Google Scholar

8.Curtis andReveley, “Producers, Processors and Unions,” 135–58. Google Scholar

9.Marjorie A. Jerrard, “Meat Industry Unions, Industry Restructuring, and Employment Relations Change in New Zealand and Australia,” New Zealand Journal of Employment Relations 31, no.1(2006):37–59. Google Scholar

10.Erling Rasmussen,Barry Foster, andDeidre Coetzee, “Transforming New Zealand Employment Relations: The Role Played by Employer Strategies, Behaviours and Attitudes”(paper presented to 8th ILERA Asian Regional Congress, Melbourne, 9–12 April2013), accessed February2018,http://aut.researchgateway.ac.nz/handle/10292/6630. Google Scholar

11.Willis, “Trade Union Reaction to Technological Change,” 51–70. Google Scholar

12.Harry Braverman, Labour and Monopoly Capitalism: The Degradation of Work in the Twentieth Century(:Monthly Review Press, 1974). Google Scholar

13.David A. Hounshell, From the American System to Mass Production, 1800–1932: The Development of Manufacturing Technology in the United States(:Johns Hopkins University Press, 1984). Google Scholar

14.Stuart Needham, “From Sectional to Industrial Unionism: Unionisation in the Canterbury Meat Industry, 1900–1917,” Historical News 55(1987):1–7. Google Scholar

15.Willis, “Trade Union Reaction to Technological Change,” 53. Google Scholar

16.Phil Taylor,Kirsty Newsome andAl Rainnie, “‘Putting Labour in Its Place’: Global Value Chains and Labour Process Analysis,” Competition and Change 17, no.1(2013):1–5. Google Scholar

17.Gary Gereffi andMiguel Korzeniewicz, “Introduction,”inCommodity Chains and Global Capitalism, ed.Gary Gereffi andMiguel Korzeniewicz(:Greenwood Press, 1994), 1–23. Google Scholar

18.Critchell andRaymond, A History of the Frozen Meat Trade. Google Scholar

19.John Bell Condliffe andHorace Belshaw, A Brief Survey of Rural Credit(:Government Printer, 1925);Kevin J. Guerin,Gary R. Hawke andDavid K. Sheppard, Stock and Station Agents in New Zealand, 1877–1892, Annual Balance Sheets(:Department of Economics, University of Wellington, 1989);Robin W. M. Johnson, The Financing of New Zealand Agriculture(:Centre for Agricultural Policy Studies, Massey University, 1989). Google Scholar

20.David Metcalf, “Smithfield Meat Market: The Ultimate Pre-Entry Closed Shop,” Work, Employment and Society 5, no.2(1991):159–79. Google Scholar

21.Critchell andRaymond, A History of the Frozen Meat Trade;Paul B. Desmond, Twenty Years Progress in Farm Products Marketing(:Dominion Producers’ Cooperative Agency, 1951). Google Scholar

22.Critchell andRaymond, A History of the Frozen Meat Trade, 100–101. Google Scholar

23.Michael M. Roche, “Global Food Regimes: New Zealand’s Place in the International Frozen Meat Trade: 1883–1935”(paper presented at the Conference of Historical Geographers, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, 15–22 August1992);Peter H. Smith, Politics and Beef in Argentina: Patterns of Conflict and Change(:Columbia University Press, 1969). Google Scholar

24.Clive A. Lind, The Keys to Prosperity: The Centennial History of Southland Frozen Meats Limited(:Southland Frozen Meat Ltd, 1981);George Ranald Macdonald, The Canterbury Frozen Meat Company Limited: 1881–1957(:Whitcombe and Tombs, 1957). Google Scholar

25.Tom Brooking, “Economic Transformation,”inThe Oxford History of New Zealand, ed.William H. Oliver(:Oxford University Press, 1981), 237;Phillip Knightley, The Vestey Affair(:Macdonald, 1981);Smith, Politics and Beef in Argentina.For example, Smith shows that, chiefly through their exclusive ownership of processing plants in Argentina, the multinational meat companies were able to centralise all the activities of processing and of stock auctions in Buenos Aires. Google Scholar

26.Philip S. E. Hereford, The New Zealand Frozen Meat Trade(:New Zealand Publishing, 1932);Frederick B. Stephens, “Co-operation in New Zealand,”inAgricultural Organisation in New Zealand, ed.Horace Belshaw(:Melbourne University Press, 1936). Google Scholar

27.Dai Hayward, Golden Jubilee: The Story of the First Fifty Years of the New Zealand Meat Producers’ Board(:Universal Printers, 1972), 13. Google Scholar

28.Christine Maree Bartley, The Accountability of the New Zealand Meat Producers’ Board to Farmers from 1922–1985(MA Thesis, Department of Political Science, University of Canterbury, 1987), 36;Hayward, Golden Jubilee, 21. Google Scholar

29.Hayward, Golden Jubilee, 162. Google Scholar

30.Godfrey Harrison, Borthwicks: A Century in the Meat Trade(:Thomas Borthwicks and Sons, 1963); Knightley, The Vestey Affair. Google Scholar

31.Knightley, The Vestey Affair. Google Scholar

32. Ibid. Google Scholar

33.Lind, The Keys to Prosperity;Macdonald, The Canterbury Frozen Meat Company Limited. Google Scholar

34.Curtis, “Product Markets and Labour Markets,”65–71;Curtis, “Constructing Markets,”491–503; Curtis, “Markets as Politics,” 177–88; Curtis, “Reforming New Zealand Agriculture,” 29–42;Curtis andReveley, “Producers, Processors and Unions,” 135–58. Google Scholar

35.New Zealand Freezing Companies Association, The New Zealand Meat Export Industry: A Background(:New Zealand Freezing Companies Association Inc. and New Zealand Meat Exporters Council Inc., 1980), 28. Google Scholar

36.Ray Evans, Cost Competitiveness in Export Meat Processing(:Meat Industry Council, 1985). Google Scholar

37.O’Leary andSheldon, Employer Power and Weakness. Google Scholar

38.During the fieldwork for my PhD on the meat industry in the1990s, both production managers and union representatives described the tally as “the longest go-slow” in history. Their degree of amusement about this situation differed markedly of course. Google Scholar

39.A. Cyril Loach, A History of the New Zealand Refrigerating Company(:Caxton Press, 1969). Google Scholar

40.Bruce Curtis, “Producers, Processors and Markets: A study of the Export Meat Industry in New Zealand”(PhD diss.,University of Canterbury, 1996). Google Scholar

41.Willis, “Trade Union Reaction to Technological Change,” 51–70. Google Scholar

42.Peter Cammock, andJ. H. K. (Kerr) Inkson, “Labour Process Analysis and the Chain System in the New Zealand Meat Works,” New Zealand Journal of Industrial Relations 9(1984):149–60;Peter Cammock andJ. H. K. Inkson, “The Meat-Freezing Industry in New Zealand,”inTechnology and the Labour Process: Australasian Case Studiesed.Evan Willis(:Allen and Unwin, 1988), 68–80. Google Scholar

43.Cammock andInkson, “Labour Process Analysis and the Chain System in the New Zealand Meat Works,”149–60;John Shields, Meat Workers under Attack: A Strategy for Fighting Back(:Labour Publishing Co-operative Society Ltd, 1982). Google Scholar

44.James Holt, Compulsory Arbitration in New Zealand: The First Forty Years(:Auckland University Press, 1986);Pat Walsh andGeoff Fougere, “The Unintended Consequences of the Arbitration System,” New Zealand Journal of Industrial Relations 12, no.3(1987): 187–97;Noel S. Woods, Industrial Conciliation and Arbitration in New Zealand(:Government Printer, 1963);Frederick J. L. Young, “Retrospect and Prospect,” New Zealand Journal of Industrial Relations 1, no.1(1976):3–8. Google Scholar

45.McNulty, There’s Money in Meat: The Story of the Freezing Industry in New Zealand;Herbert Roth, “Chronology of Events, 1951–83,” inInto the 1980s: The Struggle for a Fighting National Union of Meat Workers: An Historical Perspective, ed.Jack Pearson(:Labour Publishing Co-operative Society Ltd, 1984), 18–19. Google Scholar

47.Evans, Cost Competitiveness in Export Meat Processing. Google Scholar

48.Fligstein andFernandez, “Worker Power, Firm Power and the Structure of Labour Markets,” 5–28. Google Scholar

49.Paul Thompson andStephen Ackroyd, “All Quiet on the Workplace Front: A Critique of Recent Trends in British Industrial Sociology,” Sociology 29, no.3(1995): 615–33;Stephen Ackroyd andPaul Thompson, Industrial Misbehaviour(:Sage, 1999). Google Scholar

50.R. P. A. (Paul) Alexander, “Local Strikes in Otago-Southland Meat Freezing Plants,” Journal of Industrial Relations 14, no.3(1972): 330–32;A. J. (Tony) Geare, “Grassroots Unionism: The Administration of a Freezing Works Branch Union,” New Zealand Journal of Public Administration 35, no.1(1972): 34–42; A. J. Geare, “Seasonal Influences on Strike Intensity in New Zealand,”Journal of Industrial Relations 14, no.3(1972): 323–29; A. J. Geare, “The Conflict over Strike Causes in Otago and Southland Meat Freezing Works,”Journal of Industrial Relations 15, no.1(1972): 89–97; A. J. Geare, “The Problem of Industrial Unrest: Theories into the Causes of Local Strikes in a New Zealand Meat Freezing Works,”Journal of Industrial Relations 14, no.1(1972): 13–22; John M. Howells and R. P. A. Alexander, “A Strike in the Meat Freezing Industry: Background to Industrial Discontent in New Zealand,”Industrial and Labour Relations Review 21, no.3(1968): 418–26; John M. Howells and R. P. A. Alexander, “The Kerr-Siegel Hypothesis and the Meat Freezing Industry in New Zealand,”New Zealand Economic Papers 2(1968): 35–47; John M. Howells and Alan E. Woodfield, “The Ability of Managers and Trade Union Officers to Predict Workers’ Preferences,”British Journal of Industrial Relations 8, no.2(1970):237–51. Google Scholar

51.Lewis Evans andEli Grace-Webb, Meat Industry Performance and Organisational Form: A Commentary(:New Zealand Institute for the Study of Competition and Regulation, Victoria University of Wellington, 2007). Google Scholar

52.Chris Eichbaum, Men in the Meat Industry: Instrumentalism in Work, Class and Community(MA diss., University of Canterbury, 1980);J. H. K. Inkson, “Understanding the Freezing Worker,” New Zealand Company Director and Executive 9(March1976): 18–19; J. H. K. Inkson, “Job Satisfaction and Work Improvement: A Modern Dilemma,”New Zealand Journal of Public Administration 39, no.2(1977): 13–19; J. H. K. Inkson, “The Man on the Dis-Assembly Line,”The Australian and New Zealand Journal of Sociology 13, no.1(1977): 2–11;J. H. K. Inkson, “Behavioural Perspectives on the New Zealand Meat Industry,”inResearch in Organisations: Problems, Methods and Data, ed.Robert McLennan(:Industrial Relations Centre, Victoria University of Wellington, 1978);J. H. K. Inkson, “The Crisis in Staff Motivation and Morale,” Management 24, no.11(1978): 17–19; J. H. K, Inkson, “Management Practice and Industrial Conflict: The Case of the New Zealand Meat Industry,”New Zealand Journal of Business 1, no.1(1979): 83–103; J. H. K, Inkson and David Simpson, “The Assembly-line and Alienation: A Participant-Observer Study in the Meat Industry,”New Zealand Psychologist 4, no.2(1975): 44–55;Don J. Turkington, Industrial Conflict: A Study of Three New Zealand Industries(Methuen, Wellington, 1976);Pat Walsh, Conflict-Regulation in a New Zealand Meat Works: The Problem of Social Order in an Industrial Setting(MA diss., University of Canterbury, 1975);Pat Walsh, “The Saga of Ocean Beach: A Cautionary Tale,”inNew Zealand Industrial Relations in the Late 1970s: Three Cases, ed.Ray Harbridge andPat Walsh(:Victoria University of Wellington, 1983). Google Scholar

53.Inkson, “The Man on the Dis-Assembly Line” 2–11. Google Scholar

54.Neal Martin, Analysis of the Personnel Function in the Meat Freezing Industry(Bachelor of Commerce diss., University of Otago, 1975);Robert J. Moore, “An Unstructured Workshop as a Training Compromise,” Journal of European Industrial Training 2(1978):18–22;Robert Newton, A Training Needs Analysis of Supervision in a Freezing Works(Bachelor of Commerce diss., University of Otago, 1975). Google Scholar

55.Cammock andInkson, “Labour Process Analysis and the Chain System in the New Zealand Meat Works,”149–60;Cammock andInkson, “The Meat-Freezing Industry in New Zealand,” 68–80. Google Scholar

56.Curtis, “Constructing Markets,” 491–503; Curtis and Reveley, “Producers, Processors and Unions,” 135–58. Google Scholar

57.[New Zealand] Department of Statistics, Statistical Report on the Industrial Manufactures of New Zealand(1921–24);Statistical Report on the Factory Production of the Dominion of New Zealand(1925–32);Statistical Report on the Factory and Building Production of New Zealand(1933–42);Statistical Report on the Factory Production of New Zealand(1943–52);Report on the Industrial Production of Statistics of New Zealand(1953–68);Statistics of Industrial Production(1969–73). Google Scholar

58.Geof Pearce, “Where is New Zealand going?”(PhD diss.,University of Canterbury, 1986). Google Scholar

59.[New Zealand] Department of Statistics, Monthly Abstract of Statistics 11, no.5(1924): 37; 16, no. 3 (1929): 42; 21, no. 3 (1934): 27; 26, no. 3 (1939): 29; 31, no. 3 (1944): 35; 36, no. 3 (1949): 16; 41, no. 3 (1954): 19; 46, no. 3 (1959): 17; 51, no. 3 (1964): 26; 56, no. 3 (1969): 16; 61, no. 3 (1974): 17.[New Zealand] Department of Statistics, New Zealand Official Yearbook(1980): 818–20; (1985): 898; (1992): 240–41; (1995):319. Google Scholar

60.Margaret H. Schoenfeld andAnice L. Whitney, “Wartime Methods of Dealing with Labour in Great Britain and the Dominions,” Law and Contemporary Problems 9, no.3(1942): 522–43. This article provides an interesting contemporary account. Google Scholar

61.Mick Calder andJanet Tyson, The Meat Acts: The New Zealand Meat Industry 1972–1997(:Fraser Books, 1999). Google Scholar

62.Curtis, “Reforming New Zealand Agriculture,” 29–42. Google Scholar

 Google Scholar